Livsstilsförändring i kampen mot diabetes typ 2 : en litteraturstudie om primärprevention. Utvecklingsarbete: Från tanke till handling : hur hälsovårdaren kan stöda individen i kampen mot diabetes typ 2.

Examensarbete: Syftet med lärdomsprovet var att granska ny forskning om prevention av diabetes mellitus typ 2 för att få svar på hur man bäst kan förebygga ett insjuknande samt hur rådgivningen till patienter som riskerar att insjukna bör utformas. Examensarbetet utfördes inom projektet "Välfärdssjukdomar i Finland kan vi förebygga, lindra och bota?" i samarbete med Korsholms hälsovårdscentral och Yrkeshögskolan Novia. Examensarbetet förverkligades som en litteraturstudie och metoderna som användes var innehållsanalys och resumé. Som teoretisk referensram användes Erikssons ontologiska vårdelement, Orems egenvårdsteori och den transteoretiska modellen av Prochaska och Di Clemente. De viktigaste resultaten av denna litteraturstudie var att en livsstilsförändring är viktig för prevention och högriskindividen är själv ansvarig för den. Det visade sig också att det är viktigt med stöd och sociala interaktioner för att åstadkomma en bestående förändring. De hälsoprofessionellas uppgift är att informera, motivera och stöda patienten i livsstilsförändringen. Livsstilsinterventioner är effektiva för att reducera riskerna för diabetes typ 2. Utvecklingsarbete: Syftet med utvecklingsarbetet var att studera hur hälsovårdaren kan hjälpa och stöda individen, som riskerar att insjukna i diabetes typ 2, i förändringen. Frågorna som respondenterna sökte svar på var: ”vilken betydelse har hälsosamtalet för livsstilsförändringen?” och ”hur kan man använda patientens egna resurser för att åstadkomma en förändring?”. Utvecklingsarbetet förverkligades som en litteraturstudie och resultatet analyserades genom induktiv innehållsanalys. Resultatet tolkades mot den teoretiska referensramen om motivation, motiverande samtal samt den transteoretiska modellen av Prochaska och Di Clemente. Resultatet för utvecklingsarbetet visade att motiverande samtal är en användbar metod för att minska risken för typ 2-diabetes hos högriskindividen. Motivationen är en central del i att uppnå en bestående förändring. Det är viktigt att utgå från den enskilda individens behov och beakta individens motivationsnivå. Möjligheten till utveckling är beroende av att patienten inser sitt ansvar för den egna hälsan och att möjlighet till förändring ligger hos individen själv. Tilltron till den egna förmågan att kunna utföra förändringen är central och bland annat tidigare erfarenheter och självförtroende påverkar. Att känna kontroll över en situation är betydelsefullt för att uppleva motivation. Det sociala stödet är viktigt för den som genomgår en förändring. Förändringen är en process som kräver underhållning.Bachelor´s thesis: The aim of the thesis was to examine new research in preventing diabetes mellitus type 2 to find the best way to prevent disease and in what way the counselling given to patients at high risk should be developed. The bachelors’ thesis was carried out within the project "Välfärdssjukdomar i Finland - kan vi förebygga, lindra och bota?" in collaboration with the Korsholm Health Center and Novia University of Applied Sciences. The thesis was realized as a literature study and the methods used were content analysis and review articles. The theoretical framework consisted of Eriksson’s ontological care elements, Orem's self-care theory and Prochaska and Di Clemente’s transtheoretical model. The most important results of this literature study were that lifestyle change is essential for prevention, and the person at high risk is responsible for the change. It was also revealed that support and social interaction is important for achieving an enduring change. The nursing staff’s mission is to inform, motivate and support the patient in the lifestyle change. Lifestyle intervention is effective for reducing the risks for diabetes type 2. Development work: The aim of this expert knowledge study was to examine how the public health nurse can help and support an individual at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes in a lifestyle change. The questions that the respondents sought to answer were: How important is the health conversation for lifestyle change? How can we use the patient's own resources to make a difference? This expert knowledge study was realized as a literature study and the results were analyzed through inductive content analysis. The results were interpreted against the theoretical premises of motivation, motivational interviewing and the transtheoretical model of Prochaska and Di Clemente. The result of the study showed that motivational interviewing is useful for reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes in high risk individuals. Motivation is a key element in achieving long-term change. Starting with the individual's needs as a basis and taking into account the individual's level of motivation are important. The possibility of development depends on the patients’ ability to recognize their responsibility for their own health and that the opportunity for change lies within the individual him/herself. Confidence in one's own ability to perform the change is essential and previous experience and self-confidence are of great importance. The feeling of being in control is important for experiencing motivation. Social support is important for anyone going through change. Change is a process that requires maintenance

Application of design principles for assembly instructions – evaluation of practitioner use

Production complexity causes assembly errors due to that the demands on the operators are high and there is a need to improve assembly instructions. Design principles for Information Presentation (DFIP) is a method developed to support such improvement and its application was evaluated in three case studies, 152 practitioners. Results indicate that DFIP use help simplifying the information presentation so that complexity can be reduced, and that step 4 is easiest to understand. In addition, the implementation of assembly instructions gave positive results

HOW CHANGES IN COGNITIVE AUTOMATION CAN AFFECT OPERATOR PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY

To predict system performance, understanding what affects operator performance and productivity is important. This notion was tested in a LEGO experiment including 40 students. After introducing changes in assembly instructions and material fa\ue7ade operator performance and productivity was increased. The aggregated results gave an indication of how cognitive automation affects the operators’ initial assembly performance. Industrial studies are needed to ensure observed trends and to further study the impact of cognitive automation characteristics. The trends however point toward that cognitive support has an impact on the final assembly and it is therefore possible to achieve better operator performance if instructions and material fa\ue7ade are improved

Synthesis of Universal Workplace Design in Assembly-A Case Study

To form an inclusive and sustainable society, workplace design that can be used by different individuals, regardless of sex, language, background, and body function variations is needed. Such workplaces can also give economic benefits to companies if they provide a more accessible, safer, more productive and error proofed working environment. This aim of this paper is to evaluate a universal design concept developed at a company aiming at providing an \u27easy job\u27-workplace design for manual industrial operations. The study investigated key factors from 8 interviews and compared it to theoretical constructs such as WHO\u27s ICIDH-2. A synthesis was formed that included the following factors: personal factors, environmental factors and outcomes of universal work. The study has resulted in new insights regarding universal workplace design and the vision is that the synthesis can be used by other production companies that want to increase the universal design in assembly work

HOW CHANGES IN COGNITIVE AUTOMATION CAN AFFECT OPERATOR PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY

To predict system performance, understanding what affects operator performance and productivity is important. This notion was tested in a LEGO experiment including 40 students. After introducing changes in assembly instructions and material fa\ue7ade operator performance and productivity was increased. The aggregated results gave an indication of how cognitive automation affects the operators’ initial assembly performance. Industrial studies are needed to ensure observed trends and to further study the impact of cognitive automation characteristics. The trends however point toward that cognitive support has an impact on the final assembly and it is therefore possible to achieve better operator performance if instructions and material fa\ue7ade are improved

筆者紹介・奥付

Bakgrund: Funktionsförsäljning är en affärsmodell som vuxit sig stark på senare år som följd av ett ökat intresse kring cirkulär ekonomi. Trots detta finns det ingen kalkyl utformad för att spegla den nya verklighet som funktionsförsäljning medför. Många företag förstår sig inte på de förändrade processer och kostnader som en övergång från en linjär affärsmodell till funktions-försäljning innebär. Då en kalkyl ligger till grund för beslutsfattande som avser att bidra till lönsamhet, är det ett problem att det inte finns en kalkyl som avspeglar den nya verkligheten vid funktionsförsäljning på ett rättvist sätt.  Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur och varför kostnader förändras i olika processer i tillverkande företag som övergår från en linjär affärsmodell till funktionsförsäljning. Vidare syftar denna studie till att undersöka hur dessa kostnadsförändringar påverkar vad som bör beaktas vid utformandet av en kalkyl. Metod: Denna studie har genomförts med pragmatismen som vetenskaplig utgångspunkt. Ett iterativt angreppssätt har använts för studien. Vidare har en kvalitativ forskningsdesign använts, där två enkla fallstudier genomförts. Fallföretagen valdes ut genom målstyrt urval samt bekvämlighetsurval. För datainsamling har semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts. Respondenterna valdes ut genom ett snöbollsurval. Den valda analysmetoden är en cross-caseanalys i kombination med en tematisk analys.  Slutsats: Resultatet av denna studie visar att funktionsförsäljning, trots dess stora initiala investeringar, har potential att leda till kostnadsbesparingar på lång sikt. I syfte att rättvist återspegla det förlänga ansvar som funktionsförsäljning medför, bör tidsperspektivet för kalkylen förlängas. Resultatet visar att flertalet processer påverkas vid en övergång till funktionsförsäljning. Det har framkommit att betydelsen av design har utvidgats i kontexten av funktionsförsäljning, då denna process har stor inverkan på efterföljande processer. Vidare har det framkommit att ett övervakande system innehar en central roll vid funktionsförsäljning då det innebär en större kontroll av kostnaderna, däribland reparation och underhåll samt kostnader för omvänd logistik. Slutligen har det konstaterats att processerna försäljning och relationer blir viktigare. Dessa kostnadsförändringar bör således återspeglas i kalkylen.Background: Functional sales is a business model that has grown strongly in recent years as a result of increased interest in the circular economy. However, there is no costing model designed to reflect the new reality that functional sales bring. Many companies do not understand how a transition from a linear business model to functional sales affect processes and costs. Since a costing model is the basis for decision-making that aims to contribute to profitability, it is a problem that a costing model which reflects the new reality in functional sales in a fair way does not exist.  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how and why costs change in different processes in manufacturing companies that transition from a linear business model to functional sales. Furthermore, this study aims to investigate how these cost changes affect what should be taken into consideration when designing a costing model.  Method: This study has been conducted with pragmatism as a scientific starting point. An iterative approach has been used for the study. A qualitative research design has been used, where two simple case studies have been carried out. The case companies were selected through a targeted selection and convenience sampling. For data collection, semi-structured interviews have been conducted. The respondents were selected through a snowball sampling. The selected method of analysis is a cross-case analysis in combination with a thematic analysis. Results: The results of this study show that functional sales, despite their large initial investments, have the potential to lead to cost savings in the long term. In order to fairly reflect the extended responsibilities that function sales entail, the time perspective for the costing model should be extended. The study has shown that several processes are affected by a transition from a linear business model to functional sales. It has emerged that the importance of design has expanded in the context of functional sales, as this process has a major impact on subsequent processes. Furthermore, it has emerged that a monitoring system has a central role in functional sales as it involves greater control of costs, including repair and maintenance and reverse logistics costs. Lastly, it has been found that the processes of sales and relationships become more important. These changes in costs should thereof be reflected in the costing model.Mistra REE

Design concept towards a human-centered learning factory

Learning factories play an important role when studying multi-disciplinary problems. Such a problem is to support operators in multi-variant assembly. Multi-variants cause problems with product quality, production time as well as cognitive load and therefore it is important to find ways to support operators in this context. To assess the effects of multi variants, a design concept were developed in a learning factory environment (SIILab, CPPS-testbed). The concept was constructed at a conveyer belt with three assembly stations using Casat software for instruction presentations. The following aspects were included in the human-centered learning factory: studying the introduction of advanced automation, managing product variety, supporting operators in finding information and supporting existing human-automation interactions

Understanding disturbance handling in complex assembly: analysis of complexity index method results

Disturbance handling is crucial for managing production complexity in final assembly. Due to that complexity in a system causes uncertainties and assembly errors, it is important to further investigate what causes disturbance handling and how it can be managed to support operators working with complexity. Production complexity was assessed through the method CompleXity Index (CXI), which captures operators’ view of a station. A statistical analysis of the CXI data was performed and relations between available time and use of work instructions and also seniority and empowerment were found. In addition no relation between empowerment and stress was seen which indicates that perceived empowerment and its relation to stress should be studied further

Effects of Information Content in Work Instructions for Operator Performance

Operators remain as important resources in complex final assembly. To sustain a multi-variant production, it is necessary for operators to manage high demands from a cognitive workload perspective. In such situations, work instructions can support operators cognitively. However, work instructions are often insufficient or unused in final assembly. In this paper, results from testbed experiments are presented where assembly work was supported by different types of work instructions with differing information content. Results indicate that operator performance in terms of perceived cognitive workload and information quality are affected by the presented content of information in work instructions

Validation of the complexity index method at three manufacturing companies

In order to manage increasing numbers of product variants, tools that can reduce or manage production complexity are vital. The paper describes CompleXity Index (CXI), an index-based method and tool that assess the complexity and difficulty of work at an industrial workstation. CXI was validated at three Swedish manufacturing companies studying the correctness of the calculation, usage as a prediction tool and the view of different roles. In all three cases, CXI was seen as a useful tool to evaluate the operator-perceived complexity of a workstation