Late Tertiary Plant Macrofossils from Localities in Arctic/Subarctic North America: A Review of the Data

Bryophyte and vascular plant fossils occur at many late Tertiary sites in Alaska and northern Canada. A number of these floras are received here. The oldest flora, possibly of late Early Miocene age, is probably the one from the Mary Sachs gravel at Duck Hawk Bluffs, Banks Island. The youngest are of early Quaternary age. The floras are of several types. The youngest (Cape Deceit Formation) contains only plants that grow in the Arctic and Subarctic today. The Meighen Island Beaufort Formation contains a few extinct taxa (Aracites globosa) and fossil plants, such as Sambucus, Comptonia, and Physocarpus, that are not found in the present subarctic and arctic regions of North America. Some of these floras also contain fossils of a five-needle pine that may represent the Japanese Stone pine (Pinus pumila). A third group of floras, from Cone Bluff and Lava Camp, Alaska, usually contains more extinct plants (Epipremnum crassum, Decodon and cf. Paliurus) as well as fossils of pines in the subsection Cembrae. The Mary Sachs gravel flora, with taxa such as Metasequoia, Glyptostrobus, Taxodium, Juglans, and Liriodendron, stands apart from all three of the above-mentioned floral types. The Mary Sachs gravel flora represents mixed coniferous and hardwood forests. Most of the other floras represent coniferous forests that were floristically richer than present boreal forest. Some of the richness is due to taxa now found only in Eurasia. The Meighen Island Beaufort flora and some of those from the high-level alluvium on Ellesmere Island represent forest tundra. Several lines of evidence show that the Beaufort Formation on Meighen Island in the Canadian Arctic is about 3 million years old. Several of the younger floras contain abundant, well-preserved bryophyte fossils. Unlike the vascular plants, all of them represent extant species.

Preglacial and Interglacial Environments of Banks Island: Pollen and Macrofossils from Duck Hawk Bluffs and Related Sites

Sediments ranging in age from Tertiary to Late Quaternary are exposed at Duck Hawk Bluffs near Sachs Harbour on Banks Island (NWT). Fossil pollen and macrofossils of plants and arthropods from various nonglacial sediments at Duck Hawk Bluffs and related sites on Banks and Victoria islands make it possible to infer some of the climatic/biotic changes during that time span. At the time of deposition of the Miocene-Pliocene Beaufort Formation, southern Banks Island supported a rich coniferous forest, containing several species of conifers and various hardwoods. An upper member of the Beaufort Fm. is characterized by a more depauperate coniferous forest assemblage, yet still contains plants now foreign to the entire NWT. The late Tertiary/early Quaternary Worth Point Formation was deposited when larch-dominated forest-tundra characterized southern Banks Island. Larch may have grown on the island during the following Morgan Bluffs Interglaciation (>730 ka), but in other respects the flora and fauna of that time seem to have been low Arctic in character. Similar conditions existed during the Cape Collinson Interglaciation ( = Sangamon), though by that time, coniferous trees had definitely disappeared from the island.Les falaises Duck Hawk, près de Sachs Harbour, présentent des sédiments dont l'âge varie du Tertiaire jusqu'au Quaternaire supérieur. Le pollen et les macrorestes de végétaux et d'animaux fossiles, prélevés dans divers sédiments non glaciaires dans les falaises Duck Hawk et d'autres sites associés dans les îles de Banks et Victoria, enregistrent des variations climatiques et biotiques au cours de cette période. Au moment de la mise en place des dépôts miocènes-pliocènes de la Formation de Beaufort, une forêt coniférienne, composée de plusieurs espèces de conifères et de divers feuillus, existait au sud de l'île de Banks. Un membre supérieur de la Formation de Beaufort est caractérisé par une forêt coniférienne appauvrie bien que plusieurs plantes, maintenant disparues de l'ensemble des T.N.-O., ont été identifées. La Formation de Worth Point, datant de la fin du Tertiaire et du Quaternaire inférieur, a été mise en place lorsqu'une toundra forestière, dominée par le mélèze, caractérisait l'île de Banks méridionale. Le mélèze croissait peut-être dans l'île lors de l'interglaciaire subséquent de Morgan Bluffs (>730 ka BP), mais les autres indicateurs permettent de croire que la faune et la flore étaient caractéristiques de celle du bas Arctique. Des conditions semblables ont existé lors de l'interglaciaire de Cape Collinson ( = Sangamon), bien qu'à ce moment les conifères avaient définitivement disparu de l'île.An den Steilkùsten von Duck Hawk in der Nâhe von Sachs Harbour auf der Insel Banks (Nord-West-Territorien) befinden sich Sedimente, deren Datierung vom Tertiar bis zum spâten Quaternàr reicht. Fossiler Pollen und Makrofossile von Pflanzen und GliederfùBern von verschiedenen nichtglazialen Sedimenten der Steilkùsten von Duck Hawk und verwandten Standorten auf den Insein Banks und Victoria erlauben, auf einige klimatische/ biotische Verânderungen wâhrend dieser Zeitspanne zu schliBen. Wâhrend der AbIagerung der Miozàn-Pliozân-Formation von Beaufort bedeckte ein reicher Nadelwald die sùdliche Insel Banks, bestehend aus verschiedenen Arten von Nadelbàumen und verschiedenen Laubbâumen. Ein hôherer Teil der Beaufort-Formation ist durch eine ârmere Nadelbaumbewaldung gekennzeichnet, enthàlt jedoch immer noch Pflanzen, die heute in den gesamten Nord-West-Gebieten unbekannt sind. AIs im spâten Tertiâr und frùhen Quaternàr die Worth Point-Formation abgelagert wurde, war der sùdliche Teil der Insel Banks durch eine von Làrchen beherrschte Baum-Tundra gekennzeichnet. Làrchen wuchsen wohl auf der Insel wâhrend der folgenden Interglazialzeit von Morgan Bluffs (>730 ka), jedoch weisen andere Indizien darauf hin, dafi die Flora und Fauna dieser Zeit in ihrem Charakter derniedrigen Arktis entsprach. Àhnliche Bedingungen bestanden wâhrend der Interglazialzeit von Cape Collinson ( = Sangamon), obwohl zu diesem Zeitpunkt Nadelbàume endgùltig von der Insel verschwunden waren

Dynamical response of a Bose-Einstein condensate to a discontinuous change in internal state

A two-photon transition is used to convert an arbitrary fraction of the 87Rb atoms in a |F=1,m_f=-1> condensate to the |F=2,m_f=1> state. Transferring the entire population imposes a discontinuous change on the condensate's mean-field repulsion, which leaves a residual ringing in the condensate width. A calculation based on Gross-Pitaevskii theory agrees well with the observed behavior, and from the comparison we obtain the ratio of the intraspecies scattering lengths for the two states, a_|1,-1> / a_|2,1> = 1.062(12).Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

The Newcastle 85+ study: biological, clinical and psychosocial factors associated with healthy ageing: study protocol

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The UK, like other developed countries, is experiencing a marked change in the age structure of its population characterised by increasing life expectancy and continuing growth in the older fraction of the population. There is remarkably little up-to-date information about the health of the <it>oldest old </it>(over 85 years), demographically the fastest growing section of the population. There is a need, from both a policy and scientific perspective, to describe in detail the health status of this population and the factors that influence individual health trajectories. For a very large proportion of medical conditions, age is the single largest risk factor. Gaining new knowledge about why aged cells and tissues are more vulnerable to pathology is likely to catalyse radical new insights and opportunities to intervene. The aims of the Newcastle 85+ Study are to expose the spectrum of health within an inception cohort of 800 85 year-olds; to examine health trajectories and outcomes as the cohort ages and their associations with underlying biological, medical and social factors; and to advance understanding of the biological nature of ageing.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A cohort of 800 85 year olds from Newcastle and North Tyneside will be recruited at baseline and followed until the last participant has died. Eligible individuals will be <it>all </it>those who turn 85 during the year 2006 (i.e. born in 1921) and who are registered with a Newcastle or North Tyneside general practice. Participants will be visited in their current residence (own home or institution) by a research nurse at baseline, 18 months and 36 months. The assessment protocol entails a detailed multi-dimensional health assessment together with review of general practice medical records. Participants will be flagged with the NHS Central Register to provide details of the date and cause of death.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>The Newcastle 85+ Study will address key questions about health and health-maintenance in the 85+ population, with a particular focus on quantitative assessment of factors underlying variability in health, and on the relationships between health, nutrition and biological markers of the fundamental processes of ageing.</p

Functional similarities between pigeon \u27milk\u27 and mammalian milk : induction of immune gene expression and modification of the microbiota

Pigeon &lsquo;milk&rsquo; and mammalian milk have functional similarities in terms of nutritional benefit and delivery of immunoglobulins to the young. Mammalian milk has been clearly shown to aid in the development of the immune system and microbiota of the young, but similar effects have not yet been attributed to pigeon &lsquo;milk&rsquo;. Therefore, using a chicken model, we investigated the effect of pigeon &lsquo;milk&rsquo; on immune gene expression in the Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) and on the composition of the caecal microbiota. Chickens fed pigeon &lsquo;milk&rsquo; had a faster rate of growth and a better feed conversion ratio than control chickens. There was significantly enhanced expression of immune-related gene pathways and interferon-stimulated genes in the GALT of pigeon &lsquo;milk&rsquo;-fed chickens. These pathways include the innate immune response, regulation of cytokine production and regulation of B cell activation and proliferation. The caecal microbiota of pigeon &lsquo;milk&rsquo;-fed chickens was significantly more diverse than control chickens, and appears to be affected by prebiotics in pigeon &lsquo;milk&rsquo;, as well as being directly seeded by bacteria present in pigeon &lsquo;milk&rsquo;. Our results demonstrate that pigeon &lsquo;milk&rsquo; has further modes of action which make it functionally similar to mammalian milk. We hypothesise that pigeon &lsquo;lactation&rsquo; and mammalian lactation evolved independently but resulted in similarly functional products

β3-adrenergic receptor gene, body mass index, bone mineral density and fracture risk in elderly men and women: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study (DOES)

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have suggested that the Arg allele of β3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) gene is associated with body mass index (BMI), which is an important predictor of bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk. However, whether the ADRB3 gene polymorphism is associated with fracture risk has not been investigated. The aim of study was to examine the inter-relationships between ADRB3 gene polymorphisms, BMI, BMD and fracture risk in elderly Caucasians. METHODS: Genotypes of the ADRB3 gene were determined in 265 men and 446 women aged 60+ in 1989 at entry into the study, whose BMD were measured by DXA (GE Lunar, WI USA) at baseline. During the follow-up period (between 1989 and 2004), fractures were ascertained by reviewing radiography reports and personal interviews. RESULTS: The allelic frequencies of the Trp and the Arg alleles were 0.925 and 0.075 respectively, and the relative frequencies of genotypes Trp/Trp, Trp/Arg and Arg/Arg 0.857, 0.138 and 0.006 respectively. There was no significant association between BMI and ADRB3 genotypes (p = 0.10 in women and p = 0.68 in men). There was also no significant association between ADRB3 genotypes and lumbar spine or femoral neck BMD in either men and women. Furthermore, there were no significant association between ADRB3 genotypes and fracture risk in both women and men, either before or after adjusting for and, BMD and BMI. CONCLUSION: The present data suggested that in Caucasian population the contribution of ADRB3 genotypes to the prediction of BMI, BMD and fracture risk is limited

Scaphoid Waist Internal Fixation for Fractures Trial (SWIFFT) protocol : a pragmatic multi-centre randomised controlled trial of cast treatment versus surgical fixation for the treatment of bi-cortical, minimally displaced fractures of the scaphoid waist in adults

BACKGROUND: A scaphoid fracture is the most common type of carpal fracture affecting young active people. The optimal management of this fracture is uncertain. When treated with a cast, 88 to 90 % of these fractures unite; however, for the remaining 10-12 % the non-union almost invariably leads to arthritis. The alternative is surgery to fix the scaphoid with a screw at the outset. METHODS/DESIGN: We will conduct a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of 438 adult patients with a "clear" and "bicortical" scaphoid waist fracture on plain radiographs to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of plaster cast treatment (with fixation of those that fail to unite) versus early surgical fixation. The plaster cast treatment will be immobilisation in a below elbow cast for 6 to 10 weeks followed by mobilisation. If non-union is confirmed on plain radiographs and/or Computerised Tomogram at 6 to 12 weeks, then urgent surgical fixation will be performed. This is being compared with immediate surgical fixation with surgeons using their preferred technique and implant. These treatments will be undertaken in trauma units across the United Kingdom. The primary outcome and end-point will be the Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation (a patient self-reported assessment of wrist pain and function) at 52 weeks and also measured at 6, 12, 26 weeks and 5 years. Secondary outcomes include an assessment of radiological union of the fracture; quality of life; recovery of wrist range and strength; and complications. We will also qualitatively investigate patient experiences of their treatment. DISCUSSION: Scaphoid fractures are an important public health problem as they predominantly affect young active individuals in the more productive working years of their lives. Non-union, if untreated, can lead to arthritis which can disable patients at a very young age. There is a rapidly increasing trend for immediate surgical fixation of these fractures but there is insufficient evidence from existing RCTs to support this. The SWIFFT Trial is a rigorously designed and adequately powered study which aims to contribute to the evidence-base to inform clinical decisions for the treatment of this common fracture in adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial is registered with the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Register ( ISRCTN67901257 ). Date registration assigned was 13/02/2013

Person-Related Protective and Vulnerability Factors of Psychopathology Symptoms in Non-Clinical Adolescents

Psychopathology in youths is thought to originate from a dynamic interplay of a variety of protective and vulnerability factors. In this study, a large multi-ethnic sample of non-clinical adolescents (N = 376) completed questionnaires for measuring a wide range of person-related protective and vulnerability factors as well as psychopathology symptoms, in order to explore (a) the relations among various protective and vulnerability factors, and (b) the unique contributions of these protective and vulnerability factors to different types of psychological problems. Results indicated that the overlap among protective and vulnerability factors was quite modest. Further, it was found that factors clustered in theoretically meaningful components reflecting protection, vulnerability, and more specific aspects of coping and social support. Finally, data indicated that each type of psychopathology symptoms was associated with a typical set of protective and vulnerability factors. Although these results should be interpreted with caution because of the cross-sectional nature of the study, they may nevertheless guide future research exploring multifactorial models of psychopathology in youths

Serine Protease PRSS23 Is Upregulated by Estrogen Receptor α and Associated with Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cells

Serine protease PRSS23 is a newly discovered protein that has been associated with tumor progression in various types of cancers. Interestingly, PRSS23 is coexpressed with estrogen receptor α (ERα), which is a prominent biomarker and therapeutic target for human breast cancer. Estrogen signaling through ERα is also known to affect cell proliferation, apoptosis, and survival, which promotes tumorigenesis by regulating the production of numerous downstream effector proteins