Charter Values: The Uncanny Valley of Canadian Constitutionalism

“Charter values” is a term used with increasing frequency in the decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada. But what does the Court mean by “Charter values”? is a Charter value different than a Charter right? This paper examines the functional role that the Court has assigned to Charter values, as well as their substantive meaning. Ultimately, the author concludes that “Charter values” is an amorphous and ill-defined creation that undermines the important role of direct Charter rights analysis while creating ambiguity and undue complexity for courts, tribunals and other statutory decision-makers. The concept and language of Charter values should the refore be rejected

Effect of aerobic exercise in different environmental temperatures on gut hormones, appetite and energy intake

A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of science by research.Introduction: A strategy that combines both increasing energy expenditure and reducing energy intake (EI) to induce a negative energy balance is key for preventing and managing obesity. Exercise has been shown to reduce EI in a subsequent meal, an increase in temperature has also been shown to decrease appetite stimulation. Exercise in a hot environment may augment the appetite suppressing effect of exercise. However, there is currently little evidence available regarding the effect of environmental temperature during exercise on appetite. This study focused on the effect of exercise in different environmental temperatures on gut hormones and EI. Methods: A total of 8 healthy males completed four 5.5 hour conditions in a counterbalanced order. A preliminary visit consisting of a submaximal and maximal exercise test was conducted prior to experimental visits. For experimental visits, participants arrived in a fasted, euhydrated state at 08:30 and were fitted with a cannula, heart rate monitor, rectal and skin thermistors before completing one of four conditions: exercise in 10°C, 20°C or 30°C or resting control. Participants ran for 60 minutes on a treadmill at 70% of maximal oxygen uptake or rested for 60 minutes before resting for 4.5 hours. Blood samples were taken at 0 (fasted), 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hr. Perceptions of hunger were assessed using visual analogue scales at 0, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5 and 5 h. Ad libitum meals were provided at 1.5 hr and 5 hr. Results: Although there was a significant reduction in relative energy intake in all exercise conditions (p < 0.001), this was not augmented or attenuated by any change in environmental temperature. This decrease was also not supported by any decrease in acylated ghrelin or increase in PYY. Furthermore, the only significant decrease in overall appetite was stimulated by the intake of food in meal 1 (p < 0.001). There was also no significant difference in total energy intake, lending to the notion that the decrease in relative energy intake can be partially, if not completely attributed to the increase in energy expenditure from exercise. Conclusion: These results suggest that exercise produces an energy deficit through a reduction in relative energy intake, regardless of environmental temperature. Further research into the effects of exercise in different environmental temperatures in an overweight and obese population is warranted

Charter Values: The Uncanny Valley of Canadian Constitutionalism

“Charter values” is a term used with increasing frequency in the decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada. But what does the Court mean by “Charter values”? is a Charter value different than a Charter right? This paper examines the functional role that the Court has assigned to Charter values, as well as their substantive meaning. Ultimately, the author concludes that “Charter values” is an amorphous and ill-defined creation that undermines the important role of direct Charter rights analysis while creating ambiguity and undue complexity for courts, tribunals and other statutory decision-makers. The concept and language of Charter values should the refore be rejected

A Clockwork Orange: the End of the Angry Young Man Era

Anthony Burgess\u27s novel is more than an exercise in the language of violence: A Clockwork Orange is a satiric testament to an era which recognized the need for social conformities and new scientific discourses as a means to control the revolting youth. The teenage angst and violent rebellion which encompasses the very essence of Burgess\u27s protagonist, Alex, is attributed to the British Angry Young Man movement prevalent during the 1950\u27s as a way to show how this literary voice ends with the arrival of A Clockwork Orange on the literary scene. By utilizing Alan Sillitoe\u27s novel Saturday Night and Sunday Morning and three novellas from The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner as a way to lay the foundation for this prolific genre, I will focus on how these novels and their respective heroes gradually progress into A Clockwork Orange, the final chapter in this highly influential movement. I also wish to focus on how the anger expressed in Sillitoe\u27s works reaches a pinnacle stance upon A Clockwork Orange\u27s inception as Alex represents the horrific parody of the rebellious yout

A Clockwork Orange: the End of the Angry Young Man Era

Anthony Burgess\u27s novel is more than an exercise in the language of violence: A Clockwork Orange is a satiric testament to an era which recognized the need for social conformities and new scientific discourses as a means to control the revolting youth. The teenage angst and violent rebellion which encompasses the very essence of Burgess\u27s protagonist, Alex, is attributed to the British Angry Young Man movement prevalent during the 1950\u27s as a way to show how this literary voice ends with the arrival of A Clockwork Orange on the literary scene. By utilizing Alan Sillitoe\u27s novel Saturday Night and Sunday Morning and three novellas from The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner as a way to lay the foundation for this prolific genre, I will focus on how these novels and their respective heroes gradually progress into A Clockwork Orange, the final chapter in this highly influential movement. I also wish to focus on how the anger expressed in Sillitoe\u27s works reaches a pinnacle stance upon A Clockwork Orange\u27s inception as Alex represents the horrific parody of the rebellious yout

Emergent Spacetime in Quantum Lattice Models

Many quantum lattice models have an emergent relativistic description in their continuum limit. The celebrated example is graphene, whose continuum limit is described by the Dirac equation on a Minkowski spacetime. Not only does the continuum limit provide us with a dictionary of geometric observables to describe the models with, but it also allows one to solve models that were otherwise analytically intractable. In this thesis, we investigate novel features of this relativistic description for a range of quantum lattice models. In particular, we demonstrate how to generate emergent curved spacetimes and identify observables at the lattice level which reveal this emergent behaviour, allowing one to simulate relativistic effects in the laboratory. We first study carbon nanotubes, a system with an edge, which allows us to test the interesting feature of the Dirac equation that it allows for bulk states with support on the edges of the system. We then study Kitaev's honeycomb model which has a continuum limit describing Majorana spinors on a Minkowski spacetime. We show how to generate a non-trivial metric in the continuum limit of this model and how to observe the effects of this metric and its corresponding curvature in the lattice observables, such as Majorana correlators, Majorana zero modes and the spin densities. We also discuss how lattice defects and $\mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge fields at the lattice level can generate chiral gauge fields in the continuum limit and we reveal their adiabatic equivalence. Finally, we discuss a chiral modification of the 1D XY model which makes the model interacting and introduces a non-trivial phase diagram. We see that this generates a black hole metric in the continuum limit, where the inside and outside of the black hole are in different phases. We then demonstrate that by quenching this model we can simulate Hawking radiation.Comment: 145 pages, 32 figures, Ph.D. thesi

Stable habitable zones of single Jovian planet systems

With continued improvement in telescope sensitivity and observational techniques, the search for rocky planets in stellar habitable zones is entering an exciting era. With so many exoplanetary systems available for follow-up observations to find potentially habitable planets, one needs to prioritise the ever-growing list of candidates. We aim to determine which of the known planetary systems are dynamically capable of hosting rocky planets in their habitable zones, with the goal of helping to focus future planet search programs. We perform an extensive suite of numerical simulations to identify regions in the habitable zones of single Jovian planet systems where Earth mass planets could maintain stable orbits, specifically focusing on the systems in the Catalog of Earth-like Exoplanet Survey Targets (CELESTA). We find that small, Earth-mass planets can maintain stable orbits in cases where the habitable zone is largely, or partially, unperturbed by a nearby Jovian, and that mutual gravitational interactions and resonant mechanisms are capable of producing stable orbits even in habitable zones that are significantly or completely disrupted by a Jovian. Our results yield a list of 13 single Jovian planet systems in CELESTA that are not only capable of supporting an Earth-mass planet on stable orbits in their habitable zone, but for which we are also able to constrain the orbits of the Earth-mass planet such that the induced radial velocity signals would be detectable with next generation instruments.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, Accepted for publication by MNRA

SQL Injection: The Longest Running Sequel in Programming History

One of the risks to a company operating a public-facing website with a Structure Query Language (SQL) database is an attacker exploiting the SQL injection vulnerability. An attacker can cause an SQL database to perform actions that the developer did not intend like revealing, modifying, or deleting sensitive data. This can cause a loss of confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information in a company’s database, and it can lead to severe costs of up to $196,000 per successful injection attack (NTT Group, 2014). This paper discusses the history of the SQL injection vulnerability, focusing on: How an attacker can exploit the SQL injection vulnerability When the SQL injection attack first appeared How the attack has changed over the years Current techniques to defend adequately against the attack The SQL injection vulnerability has been known for over seventeen (17) years, and the countermeasures are relatively simple compared to countermeasures for other threats like malware and viruses. The focus on security-minded programming can help prevent a successful SQL injection attack and avoid loss of competitive edge, regulatory fines and loss of reputation among an organization’s customers

Not Going Pro: On Seeking Lasting Returns from College Sports

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) clearly states there are many favorable qualities derived from participation that benefit those “who go pro in something other than sports.” However, the ability of collegiate athletics to deliver on the promise of attributable long-term vocational value is rarely questioned. Instead, student-athletes are encouraged to think of their participation as a personal investment with enduring rewards for the investor. In this study involving former NCAA Division I student-athletes, the authors examined whether participation can be regarded as an investment and how student-athletes perceive the returns thus derived. Extending Becker’s (1962) theory of human capital investment to sport participation, the authors probed participants’ experiences for evidence of investment thinking and lasting benefits in corporeal, economic, social, and cultural varieties. The findings support the notion that participation in collegiate athletics can be broadly defined as an investment, but not in accordance with the long-term utility maximizing rationale described by neoclassical economists. Furthermore, the high cost of participation, inherent uncertainty, and unreliable information confound the athlete’s decision-making and blur the distinction between consumption in the present and investing for the future

AdS/CFT correspondence with a three-dimensional black hole simulator

One of the key applications of AdS/CFT correspondence is the duality it dictates between the entanglement entropy of anti–de Sitter (AdS) black holes and lower-dimensional conformal field theories (CFTs). Here we employ a square lattice of fermions with inhomogeneous tunneling couplings that simulate the effect rotationally symmetric three-dimensional (3D) black holes have on Dirac fields. When applied to 3D Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli (BTZ) black holes we identify the parametric regime where the theoretically predicted two-dimensional CFT faithfully describes the black hole entanglement entropy. With the help of the universal simulator, we further demonstrate that a large family of 3D black holes exhibit the same ground-state entanglement entropy behavior as the BTZ black hole. The simplicity of our simulator enables direct numerical investigation of a wide variety of 3D black holes and the possibility to experimentally realize it with optical lattice technology