Functional analysis for the inhibition of apoptosis in mitotic cells

Die Zelle repliziert ihre DNA während der S-Phase und segregiert sie dann später in der M Phase des Zellzykluses. Kommt es während dieser Prozesse zu DNA Schädigungen, arretiert die Zelle den Zellzyklus mit Hilfe spezifischer Kontrollmechanismen und versucht den Schaden zu beheben. Der DNA Kontrollpunkt wird bei DNA Schädigungen aktiviert, um mit Hilfe der DNA Reparatur den Schaden zu beheben und somit dafür zu sorgen, dass die DNA fehlerfrei repliziert werden kann. Der zweite Zellzyklus Kontrollpunkt, der Spindel Kontrollpunkt, stellt sicher, dass die Chromosomen während der M Phase unter gleicher Spannung innerhalb der Äquatorialplatte der Metaphase Spindel angeordnet sind. Kann in der Zeit, in der der Zellzyklus Kontrollpunkt aktiv ist, der Schaden nicht behoben werden, so wird Apoptose ausgelöst und die Zelle wird aus dem Zellverband entfernt. Krebszellen haben Strategien entwickelt, Zellzyklus Kontrollpunkte zu umgehen und darüber hinaus normalen Mechanismen der Apoptose zu entkommen. Die genauen molekularen Vorgänge der Deregulierung der Apoptose sind weitestgehend unaufgeklärt. Procaspase 8 ist ein wichtiges Schlüsselenzym des extrinsischen Apoptose Signalweges. Der extrinsische Signalweg wird extrazellulär über die Bindung von Liganden an ihre korrespondierenden Rezeptoren ausgelöst. In dieser Studie wird gezeigt, dass Procaspase 8 an Ser-387 in vitro als auch in vivo von Cdk1/Cyclin B1 phosphoryliert wird. Darüber hinaus zeigt diese Phosphorylierungsstelle die typische Struktur einer Bindungsstelle für Plk1, einer weiteren mitotischen Kinase. Die Interaktion von Procaspase 8 mit Cdk1/Cyclin B1 wird über die DE Domäne („death-effector-domain“ DED) von Procaspase 8 vermittelt. Wird Procaspase 8 an Ser 387 zu Alanin (S387A) mutiert, so wird die Phosphorylierung durch Cdk1/Cyclin B1 fast vollständig verhindert. Wird zudem diese Mutante (S387A) in humanen Krebszellen überexprimiert, so hemmt dies die Apoptose nach Stimulation des Fas Rezeptors. Wird umgekehrt Cyclin B1 mittels RNA Interferenz depletiert und dadurch Cdk1 nicht aktiviert, wird extrinsische Apoptose verstärkt. Diese Studie zeigt erstmals eine gezielte Inhibierung des extrinsischen Apoptose Signalweges durch mitotische Kinasen und schlägt ein Modell vor, in dem Serin/Threonin Kinasen extrinsische Apoptose inhibieren und somit der Tumorzelle ermöglichen, der Apoptose zu entkommen. Darüber hinaus wird ein neuartiger Mechanismus der Inhibition der autokatalytischen Spaltung von Procaspase 8 durch eine mitotische Kinase gezeigt.Caspase activation is a hallmark of apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of caspase-8 activation within the extrinsic death pathway are not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that procaspase-8 is phosphorylated in mitotic cells by Cdk1/cyclin B1 on Ser-387, which is located at the N-terminus of the catalytic subunit p10. This phosphorylation of procaspase-8 on Ser-387 occurs in cancer cell lines as well as in primary breast tissues and lymphocytes. Furthermore, RNAi-mediated silencing of cyclin B1 or treatment with the Cdk1 inhibitor RO-3306 enhances the Fas-mediated activation and processing of procaspase-8 in mitotic cells. A non-phosphorylatable procaspase-8(S387A) facilitates Fas-induced apoptosis during mitosis. Our findings suggest that Cdk1/cyclin B1 activity shields human cells against extrinsic death stimuli and unravel the molecular details of the crosstalk between cell cycle and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Finally, this new mechanism may also contribute to tumorigenesis

Detection of archeological sites by means of ULS/ALS

Nové technologie umožňují archeologům prozkoumávat místa, která dříve byla jejich zrakům skryta. Zejména zalesněné oblasti byly dříve pro archeologický průzkum velice obtížným terénem. V posledních letech však technologie LiDARu tento problém mění spíše ve výhodu,vzhledem ke konzervační schopnosti lesa. Cílem této práce je ověřit možnosti detekce mohylových pohřebišť v zalesněném terénu z LiDARových dat pořízených z UAV nosiče a z letadla. V práci bude úspěšnost detekce těchto dvou typů dat vzájemně vizuálně porovnána v rámci jednotlivých, v archeologii běžně používaných vizualizačních technik. Výsledky budou dále porovnány s terénním měřením.New technologies allow archaeologists to explore places that were previously hidden from their view. In recent years, however, LiDAR technology has turned this problem more into an advantage, given by the preservative capacity of the forest. The aim of this work is to verify the possibilities of detection of mound burial grounds in wooded terrain with the help of LiDAR data obtained from an UAV and from an aircraft. In this work, the success of the detection of these two types of data will be visually compared by means of visualization techniques commonly used in archeology. The results will be further compared with field measurements.Department of Applied Geoinformatics and CartographyKatedra aplikované geoinformatiky a kartografieFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Synthetic lethality in CCNE1-amplified high grade serous ovarian cancer through combined inhibition of Polo-like kinase 1 and microtubule dynamics

The taxanes are effective microtubule-stabilizing chemotherapy drugs that inhibit mitosis, induce apoptosis, and produce regression in a fraction of cancers that arise at many sites including the ovary. Novel therapeutic targets that augment taxane effects are needed to improve clinical chemotherapy response in CCNE1-amplified high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) cells. In this study, we conducted an siRNA-based kinome screen to identify modulators of mitotic progression in CCNE1-amplified HGSOC cells that may influence clinical paclitaxel response. PLK1 is overexpressed in many types of cancer, which correlates with poor prognosis. Here, we identified a novel synthetic lethal interaction of the clinical PLK1 inhibitor BI6727 and the microtubule-targeting drug paclitaxel in HGSOC cell lines with CCNE1-amplification and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms of this synergism. BI6727 synergistically induces apoptosis together with paclitaxel in different cell lines including a patient-derived primary ovarian cancer culture. Moreover, the inhibition of PLK1 reduced the paclitaxel-induced neurotoxicity in a neurite outgrowth assay. Mechanistically, the combinatorial treatment with BI6727/paclitaxel triggers mitotic arrest, which initiates mitochondrial apoptosis by inactivation of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, followed by significant loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspase-dependent effector pathways. This conclusion is supported by data showing that BI6727/paclitaxel-co-treatment stabilizes FBW7, a component of SCF-type ubiquitin ligases that bind and regulate key modulators of cell division and growth including MCL-1 and Cyclin E. This identification of a novel synthetic lethality of PLK1 inhibitors and a microtubule-stabilizing drug has important implications for developing PLK1 inhibitor-based combination treatments in CCNE1-amplified HGSOC cells

Tumor inhibition by genomically integrated inducible RNAi-cassettes

RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a powerful tool to induce loss-of-function phenotypes by post-transcriptional silencing of gene expression. In this study we wondered whether inducible RNAi-cassettes integrated into cellular DNA possess the power to trigger neoplastic growth. For this purpose inducible RNAi vectors containing tetracycline (Tet)-responsive derivatives of the H1 promoter for the conditional expression of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) were used to target human polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), which is overexpressed in a broad spectrum of human tumors. In the absence of doxycycline (Dox) HeLa clones expressing TetR, that carry the RNAi-cassette stably integrated, exhibited no significant alteration in Plk1 expression levels. In contrast, exposure to Dox led to marked downregulation of Plk1 mRNA to 3% and Plk1 protein to 14% in cell culture compared to mismatch shRNA/Plk1-expressing cells. As a result of Plk1 depletion cell proliferation decreased to 17%. Furthermore, for harnessing RNAi for silencing disease-related genes in vivo we transplanted inducible RNAi-HeLa cells onto nude mice. After administration of Dox knockdown of Plk1 expression was observed correlating to a significant inhibition of tumor growth. Taken together, our data revealed that genomically integrated RNAi-elements are suitable to hamper tumor growth by conditional expression of shRNA

Toxicity modelling of Plk1-targeted therapies in genetically engineered mice and cultured primary mammalian cells

High attrition rates of novel anti-cancer drugs highlight the need for improved models to predict toxicity. Although polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) inhibitors are attractive candidates for drug development, the role of Plk1 in primary cells remains widely unexplored. Therefore, we evaluated the utility of an RNA interference-based model to assess responses to an inducible knockdown (iKD) of Plk1 in adult mice. Here we show that Plk1 silencing can be achieved in several organs, although adverse events are rare. We compared responses in Plk1-iKD mice with those in primary cells kept under controlled culture conditions. In contrast to the addiction of many cancer cell lines to the non-oncogene Plk1, the primary cells' proliferation, spindle assembly and apoptosis exhibit only a low dependency on Plk1. Responses to Plk1-depletion, both in cultured primary cells and in our iKD-mouse model, correspond well and thus provide the basis for using validated iKD mice in predicting responses to therapeutic interventions

Preferential Fas-mediated apoptotic execution at G1 phase: the resistance of mitotic cells to the cell death

Apoptosis is induced by various stresses generated from the extracellular and intracellular environments. The fidelity of the cell cycle is monitored by surveillance mechanisms that arrest its further progression if any crucial process has not been completed or damages are sustained, and then the cells with problems undergo apoptosis. Although the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the cell cycle and that of apoptosis have been elucidated, the links between them are not clear, especially that between cell cycle and death receptor-mediated apoptosis. By using the HeLa.S-Fucci (fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator) cells, we investigated the relationship between the cell cycle progression and apoptotic execution. To monitor apoptotic execution during cell cycle progression, we observed the cells after induction of apoptosis with time-lapse fluorescent microscopy. About 70% of Fas-mediated apoptotic cells were present at G1 phase and about 20% of cells died immediately after cytokinesis, whereas more than 60% of etoposide-induced apoptotic cells were at S/G2 phases in random culture of the cells. These results were confirmed by using synchronized culture of the cells. Furthermore, mitotic cells showed the resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis. In conclusion, these findings suggest that apoptotic execution is dependent on cell cycle phase and Fas-mediated apoptosis preferentially occurs at G1 phase

Detection of archeological sites by means of ULS/ALS

New technologies allow archaeologists to explore places that were previously hidden from their view. In recent years, however, LiDAR technology has turned this problem more into an advantage, given by the preservative capacity of the forest. The aim of this work is to verify the possibilities of detection of mound burial grounds in wooded terrain with the help of LiDAR data obtained from an UAV and from an aircraft. In this work, the success of the detection of these two types of data will be visually compared by means of visualization techniques commonly used in archeology. The results will be further compared with field measurements