An empirical evaluation of camera trap study design: How many, how long and when?

Abstract Camera traps deployed in grids or stratified random designs are a well‐established survey tool for wildlife but there has been little evaluation of study design parameters. We used an empirical subsampling approach involving 2,225 camera deployments run at 41 study areas around the world to evaluate three aspects of camera trap study design (number of sites, duration and season of sampling) and their influence on the estimation of three ecological metrics (species richness, occupancy and detection rate) for mammals. We found that 25–35 camera sites were needed for precise estimates of species richness, depending on scale of the study. The precision of species‐level estimates of occupancy (ψ) was highly sensitive to occupancy level, with 0.75) species, but more than 150 camera sites likely needed for rare (ψ < 0.25) species. Species detection rates were more difficult to estimate precisely at the grid level due to spatial heterogeneity, presumably driven by unaccounted habitat variability factors within the study area. Running a camera at a site for 2 weeks was most efficient for detecting new species, but 3–4 weeks were needed for precise estimates of local detection rate, with no gains in precision observed after 1 month. Metrics for all mammal communities were sensitive to seasonality, with 37%–50% of the species at the sites we examined fluctuating significantly in their occupancy or detection rates over the year. This effect was more pronounced in temperate sites, where seasonally sensitive species varied in relative abundance by an average factor of 4–5, and some species were completely absent in one season due to hibernation or migration. We recommend the following guidelines to efficiently obtain precise estimates of species richness, occupancy and detection rates with camera trap arrays: run each camera for 3–5 weeks across 40–60 sites per array. We recommend comparisons of detection rates be model based and include local covariates to help account for small‐scale variation. Furthermore, comparisons across study areas or times must account for seasonality, which could have strong impacts on mammal communities in both tropical and temperate sites

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P &lt; 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Factors Associated with Revision Surgery after Internal Fixation of Hip Fractures

Background: Femoral neck fractures are associated with high rates of revision surgery after management with internal fixation. Using data from the Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip fractures (FAITH) trial evaluating methods of internal fixation in patients with femoral neck fractures, we investigated associations between baseline and surgical factors and the need for revision surgery to promote healing, relieve pain, treat infection or improve function over 24 months postsurgery. Additionally, we investigated factors associated with (1) hardware removal and (2) implant exchange from cancellous screws (CS) or sliding hip screw (SHS) to total hip arthroplasty, hemiarthroplasty, or another internal fixation device. Methods: We identified 15 potential factors a priori that may be associated with revision surgery, 7 with hardware removal, and 14 with implant exchange. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses in our investigation. Results: Factors associated with increased risk of revision surgery included: female sex, [hazard ratio (HR) 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-2.50; P = 0.001], higher body mass index (fo

Conservation management plan for Waldron Fen, Emmet County, Michigan.

In creating conservation goals for Waldron Fen, a variety of existing factors need to be acknowledged and considered. The unique circumstances of the Waldrons are not the same as those of the Fens R Important Conservancy (FRIC). The Waldrons envision the land's primary purpose as a bird sanctuary, while FRIC would like to see the preserve function as much like a natural system as possible. With the latter goal in mind, FRIC recommends conducting research on the native biota and processes of the Waldron Fen and similar fens. The next step would be to design and implement a wetland restoration and enhancement plan. Restoration of the fen includes removing many of the conifers (intended as a Christmas tree plantation by the original landowner) and planting the areas with a more traditional scrub/scrub ground cover found surrounding wetlands. The fen enhancement encompasses the removal of exotic species like Autumn Olive, which was planted to attract birds, and the maintenance of surrounding greenlands. Waldron Fen has not suffered any severe environmental degradation, so long-term monitoring does not appear to be necessary. The do-nothing approach with careful observation of the potential detrimental actions of neighbors will be sufficient. The Waldron Fen is currently in transition from a fen into a bog, as evidenced by the pH and species present in the area. This feature makes the fen especially interesting for research and education about the natural progression of a wetland. FRIC's maintenance of the wetland will allow for this natural change to occur, and will not interfere with the natural processes that accompany this change. For this reason, particular care should be taken in making any changes to the landscape so that the natural integrity of the land may be preserved. Ultimately, FRIC hopes that Waldron Fen will function in the same manner as any healthy wetland -- as a habitat for species both rare and common, an area of recreational value for nature study, bird watching and canoeing, as an area for research and education, and for open space and aesthetics.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/54706/1/3147.pdfDescription of 3147.pdf : Access restricted to on-site users at the U-M Biological Station

Systematic Review of the Neurocognitive Effects of Drug Abuse in Women

We will systematically review the literature on the cognitive effects of illicit drug abuse to determine if there are gender differences in the nature of cognitive functioning related to drug abuse and if so, what is the current understanding as to the cause of those differences

An Evaluation of Primary Studies Published in Predatory Journals Included in Systematic Reviews From High-Impact Dermatology Journals: Cross-sectional Study

BackgroundPredatory publishing is a deceptive form of publishing that uses unethical business practices, minimal to no peer review processes, or limited editorial oversight to publish articles. It may be problematic to our highest standard of scientific evidence—systematic reviews—through the inclusion of poor-quality and unusable data, which could mislead results, challenge outcomes, and undermine confidence. Thus, there is a growing concern surrounding the effects predatory publishing may have on scientific research and clinical decision-making. ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate whether systematic reviews published in top dermatology journals contain primary studies published in suspected predatory journals (SPJs). MethodsWe searched PubMed for systematic reviews published in the top five dermatology journals (determined by 5-year h-indices) between January 1, 2019, and May 24, 2021. Primary studies were extracted from each systematic review, and the publishing journal of these primary studies was cross-referenced using Beall’s List and the Directory of Open Access Journals. Screening and data extraction were performed in a masked, duplicate fashion. We performed chi-square tests to determine possible associations between a systematic review’s inclusion of a primary study published in a SPJ and particular study characteristics. ResultsOur randomized sample included 100 systematic reviews, of which 31 (31%) were found to contain a primary study published in a SPJ. Of the top five dermatology journals, the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology had the most systematic reviews containing a primary study published in an SPJ. Systematic reviews containing a meta-analysis or registered protocol were significantly less likely to contain a primary study published in a SPJ. No statistically significant associations were found between other study characteristics. ConclusionsStudies published in SPJs are commonly included as primary studies in systematic reviews published in high-impact dermatology journals. Future research is needed to investigate the effects of including suspected predatory publications in scientific research

An empirical evaluation of camera trap study design: how many, how long, and when?

1. Camera traps deployed in grids or stratified random designs are a well-established survey tool for wildlife but there has been little evaluation of study design parameters. 2. We used an empirical subsampling approach involving 2225 camera deployments run at 41 study areas around the world to evaluate three aspects of camera trap study design (number of sites, duration and season of sampling) and their influence on the estimation of three ecological metrics (species richness, occupancy, detection rate) for mammals. 3. We found that 25-35 camera locations were needed for precise estimates of species richness, depending on scale of the study. The precision of species-level estimates of occupancy was highly sensitive to occupancy level, with 0.75) species, but more than 150 sites likely needed for rare (<0.25) species. Species detection rates were more difficult to estimate precisely at the grid level due to spatial heterogeneity, presumably driven by unaccounted for habitat variability within the study area. Running a camera at a site for 2 weeks was most efficient for detecting new species, but 3-4 weeks were needed for precise estimates of local detection rate, with no gains in precision observed after 1 month. Metrics for all mammal communities were sensitive to seasonality, with 37-50% of the species at the sites we examined fluctuating significantly in their occupancy or detection rates over the year. This effect was more pronounced in temperate sites, where seasonally sensitive species varied in relative abundance by an average factor of 4-5, and some species were completely absent in one season due to hibernation or migration. 4. We recommend the following guidelines to efficiently obtain precise estimates of species richness, occupancy and detection rates with camera trap arrays: run each camera for 3-5 weeks across 40-60 sites per array. We recommend comparisons of detection rates be model-based and include local covariates to help account for small-scale variation. Furthermore, comparisons across study areas or times must account for seasonality, which had strong impacts on mammal communities in both tropical and temperate sites.,We used camera trap data already available through repositories or collaborators. Most data came from the eMammal or TEAM repositories. We also used one data set (China) from collaborators that was not already archived. All camera traps were set similarly, in being placed on a tree at 0.5m facing parallel to the ground, with no bait. A variety of camera models were used, but all had infrared flashes and fast (<0.5s) trigger times. Camera trap designs were either regular (grid) or stratified random.,For this paper we wanted to asess the importance of three things to camera trap study design: amount of locations surveyed (spatial), amount of time each survey ran (temporal), and rather season mattered (seasonal). We broke into three teams to analyze these data, and used three slightly different collections of data for each team. Thus, you will find three datasets labeled as to which analyses they were part of: spatial, temporal, or seasonal. All data is presented as raw detection data, giving the date, time, and species for each time photograph was recorded. These are organized as 'deployments' representing a time period a camera was placed in a given location. We are including a TXT file with the Data Dictionary from eMammal that describes all the standard fields. A few files have additional fields we added that should be self explanatory.

Utah Foreign Language Review (UFLR), volume 1993-1994

Volume 1993-1994, Utah Foreign Language Review, 188 pages. The Utah Foreign Language Review (UFLR) is publiahed annually by the Department of Languages and Literature, Univeraity of Utah College of Humanities. The views expressed in the Utah Foreign Language Review are to be attributed to their authors and not the Review, its editors, the College of Humanities, the Department of Languages and Literature, or the University of Utah. The Utah Foreign Language Review welcomes submission of material relevant to the study of foreign languages. The Review focuses on literatures and civilizations; original research, translations, experiments in teaching, books or collections of original poems and short stories, critiques, interviews and annotated bibliographies. In addition, the Review is interested in other written communications that might be of interest to readers of a contemporary scholarly journalTABLE OF CONTENTS: "Les Cheveux de Melinda : Dix Poemes et Trois Articles en Anglais", by Bel-Ami Jean de Montreux. "Les Liaisons Dangereuses: Liaisons Fatidiques", by Ann-Marie Eva Nilsson. "Non-Elective Affinities: A Reading of Nietzsche's ON THE GENEALOGY OF MORALS IN LIGHT OF ROUSSEAU'S VISION OF NATURAL MORALS", by Guillemette Johnston. "El Patriarcado y la Inevitable Subyugacion Femenina en Los Pazos de Ulloa", by Carlos H. Parra. "A Shift of Light: An Examination of Modernist Themes in Kipling's Short Fiction", by Philip R. Snider. "Lancelot et Guinevere: L'amour dans L'oubi", by Stephen Steele. "Limit and Unlimitedness in Sophocles' Ajax", by Nathan Glissmeyer. "Lessing: Minna von Barnhelm "Das Speil im Lustpiel --Ein Wortspiel", by Ute Mayer. "Plurity of Perceptions to a Unity Gathered Together by Reasoning", by Amina Eperjesi. "Antigone: An Existentialist Interpretation Ein Vergleich: Heinrich von Kleists Michael Kohlhaas und die 'Rote Armee Frakton", by Troy A. Pugmire. "Quintillian's 'Good Man' Reconsidered", by James M. Scott. "Jouer Avec Le Temps: Creating Love in Hiroshima", by Gregg Roberts. "Social Justice as Found in Equitan", by Sarah Buchanan. "Purple Patches, Art and Decorum, Hole and Overflow: Ekphrasis in Horace's Ars Poetica", by Douglas Canfield. Всех Живущих Прижизненный Друг by Grigory RoytmanOriginal scanned on Kirtas 2400 and saved as 400 ppi 8 bit greyscale jpeg. Display image generated in Kirtas Technologies' OCR Manager as multiple page pdf, and uploaded into CONTENT d