胸部リンパ節病変の診断における超音波気管支内視鏡ガイド 下経気管支針生検(EBUS-TBNA)の有用性

近年,超音波気管支内視鏡ガイド下経気管支針生検(Endobronchial Ultrasonography-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration,以下EBUS-TBNA)は縦隔および肺門リンパ節病変に対するアプローチ法として開発され,病理学的および微生物学的な確定診断に用いられる.EBUSTBNAを実施できるか否かの判断や,施行後の診断率には標的リンパ節の大きさや周囲もしくは内部血管などが影響するが,それらに関する報告は少ない.2010年10月～2013年8月に,当科でEBUSを施行した69例のTBNA施行率,診断率,不成功の理由を後方視的に検討した.TBNAを施行できたのは60例であり(87%),そのうち54例(93%)で診断が確定できた.肺癌が42例(67%)と最多で,以下サルコイドーシス7例,他臓器癌のリンパ節転移3例,抗酸菌感染症1例,悪性リンパ腫1例であった.EBUS施行例のリンパ節の直径は21.3±6.0mmで,非確診例の標的リンパ節は有意に小さかった(17.5±3.7vs22.9±5.1mm,p<0.0001).部位別では下部気管傍リンパ節と気管支分岐部リンパ節で実施した症例が多かったが,部位による診断率の差は認めなかった.最終診断率では,肺癌が91%(46例中42例),サルコイドーシスが70%(10例中7例)であった.TBNAの不成功の理由は,「標的リンパ節が小さい」,「血管損傷の可能性が高い」,「患者の鎮静不可」であった.重篤な有害事象は1例も認めなかった.縦隔および肺門リンパ節病変の診断において,EBUS-TBNAは有用であると考えられた.Endobronchial ultrasonography - guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUSTBNA) is a new method for tissue biopsy of thoracic lymph node lesion. However, the clinical usefulness of this method and associated issues are still relatively unknown. Sixty-nine cases received EBUS in our hospital between October 2010 and August 2013. The relationship was analyzed between the diagnostic rate and the size or location of the lymph node targeted. TBNA was performed in 60 of the 69 cases, out of those the pathological and microbiological diagnosis were obtained in 54 cases (93%). The final diagnosis consisted of lung cancer in 42 cases (67%) followed by sarcoidosis in 7, metastasis of the other organ\u27s malignancy in 3 and mycobacterium infection in 1, and lastly malignant lymphoma in 1. The mean lymph node diameter was 21.3 ± 6.0 mm, and the inability to obtain the correct diagnosis was significantly smaller than obtaining the correct diagnosis. (17.5 ± 3.7 vs 22.9 ± 5.1 mm, p < 0.0001). In regard to the location of the lymph nodes, "lower paratrachea" and " subcarinal" were common, but was not chief concern with the diagnostic rate. Futhermore, the diagnostic rate was 91% (42 of 46) in lung cancer and 70% (7 of 10) in sarcoidosis. We could not perform EBUS-TBNA because of "small lymphnode" and "high risk of vascular damage" in addition to "insufficient patient\u27s sedation". No severe adverse events had occurred. EBUS-TBNA is useful for the thoracic lymph node lesion diagnosis

Utilization of mechanical power and associations with clinical outcomes in brain injured patients: a secondary analysis of the extubation strategies in neuro-intensive care unit patients and associations with outcome (ENIO) trial

Background: There is insufficient evidence to guide ventilatory targets in acute brain injury (ABI). Recent studies have shown associations between mechanical power (MP) and mortality in critical care populations. We aimed to describe MP in ventilated patients with ABI, and evaluate associations between MP and clinical outcomes. Methods: In this preplanned, secondary analysis of a prospective, multi-center, observational cohort study (ENIO, NCT03400904), we included adult patients with ABI (Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 12 before intubation) who required mechanical ventilation (MV) ≥ 24&nbsp;h. Using multivariable log binomial regressions, we separately assessed associations between MP on hospital day (HD)1, HD3, HD7 and clinical outcomes: hospital mortality, need for reintubation, tracheostomy placement, and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Results: We included 1217 patients (mean age 51.2&nbsp;years [SD 18.1], 66% male, mean body mass index [BMI] 26.3 [SD 5.18]) hospitalized at 62 intensive care units in 18 countries. Hospital mortality was 11% (n = 139), 44% (n = 536) were extubated by HD7 of which 20% (107/536) required reintubation, 28% (n = 340) underwent tracheostomy placement, and 9% (n = 114) developed ARDS. The median MP on HD1, HD3, and HD7 was 11.9&nbsp;J/min [IQR 9.2-15.1], 13&nbsp;J/min [IQR 10-17], and 14&nbsp;J/min [IQR 11-20], respectively. MP was overall higher in patients with ARDS, especially those with higher ARDS severity. After controlling for same-day pressure of arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen (P/F ratio), BMI, and neurological severity, MP at HD1, HD3, and HD7 was independently associated with hospital mortality, reintubation and tracheostomy placement. The adjusted relative risk (aRR) was greater at higher MP, and strongest for: mortality on HD1 (compared to the HD1 median MP 11.9&nbsp;J/min, aRR at 17&nbsp;J/min was 1.22, 95% CI 1.14-1.30) and HD3 (1.38, 95% CI 1.23-1.53), reintubation on HD1 (1.64; 95% CI 1.57-1.72), and tracheostomy on HD7 (1.53; 95%CI 1.18-1.99). MP was associated with the development of moderate-severe ARDS on HD1 (2.07; 95% CI 1.56-2.78) and HD3 (1.76; 95% CI 1.41-2.22). Conclusions: Exposure to high MP during the first week of MV is associated with poor clinical outcomes in ABI, independent of P/F ratio and neurological severity. Potential benefits of optimizing ventilator settings to limit MP warrant further investigation

円管内を流動する液体泡沫の圧力降下と熱伝達

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Utilization of mechanical power and associations with clinical outcomes in brain injured patients: a secondary analysis of the extubation strategies in neuro-intensive care unit patients and associations with outcome (ENIO) trial

Background: There is insufficient evidence to guide ventilatory targets in acute brain injury (ABI). Recent studies have shown associations between mechanical power (MP) and mortality in critical care populations. We aimed to describe MP in ventilated patients with ABI, and evaluate associations between MP and clinical outcomes. Methods: In this preplanned, secondary analysis of a prospective, multi-center, observational cohort study (ENIO, NCT03400904), we included adult patients with ABI (Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 12 before intubation) who required mechanical ventilation (MV) ≥ 24 h. Using multivariable log binomial regressions, we separately assessed associations between MP on hospital day (HD)1, HD3, HD7 and clinical outcomes: hospital mortality, need for reintubation, tracheostomy placement, and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Results: We included 1217 patients (mean age 51.2 years [SD 18.1], 66% male, mean body mass index [BMI] 26.3 [SD 5.18]) hospitalized at 62 intensive care units in 18 countries. Hospital mortality was 11% (n = 139), 44% (n = 536) were extubated by HD7 of which 20% (107/536) required reintubation, 28% (n = 340) underwent tracheostomy placement, and 9% (n = 114) developed ARDS. The median MP on HD1, HD3, and HD7 was 11.9 J/min [IQR 9.2–15.1], 13 J/min [IQR 10–17], and 14 J/min [IQR 11–20], respectively. MP was overall higher in patients with ARDS, especially those with higher ARDS severity. After controlling for same-day pressure of arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen (P/F ratio), BMI, and neurological severity, MP at HD1, HD3, and HD7 was independently associated with hospital mortality, reintubation and tracheostomy placement. The adjusted relative risk (aRR) was greater at higher MP, and strongest for: mortality on HD1 (compared to the HD1 median MP 11.9 J/min, aRR at 17 J/min was 1.22, 95% CI 1.14–1.30) and HD3 (1.38, 95% CI 1.23–1.53), reintubation on HD1 (1.64; 95% CI 1.57–1.72), and tracheostomy on HD7 (1.53; 95%CI 1.18–1.99). MP was associated with the development of moderate-severe ARDS on HD1 (2.07; 95% CI 1.56–2.78) and HD3 (1.76; 95% CI 1.41–2.22). Conclusions: Exposure to high MP during the first week of MV is associated with poor clinical outcomes in ABI, independent of P/F ratio and neurological severity. Potential benefits of optimizing ventilator settings to limit MP warrant further investigation

Extubation in neurocritical care patients: the ENIO international prospective study

Purpose: Neurocritical care patients receive prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), but there is poor specific information in this high-risk population about the liberation strategies of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: ENIO (NCT03400904) is an international, prospective observational study, in 73 intensive care units (ICUs) in 18 countries from 2018 to 2020. Neurocritical care patients with a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) ≤ 12, receiving IMV ≥ 24 h, undergoing extubation attempt or tracheostomy were included. The primary endpoint was extubation failure by day 5. An extubation success prediction score was created, with 2/3 of patients randomly allocated to the training cohort and 1/3 to the validation cohort. Secondary endpoints were the duration of IMV and in-ICU mortality. Results: 1512 patients were included. Among the 1193 (78.9%) patients who underwent an extubation attempt, 231 (19.4%) failures were recorded. The score for successful extubation prediction retained 20 variables as independent predictors. The area under the curve (AUC) in the training cohort was 0.79 95% confidence interval (CI95) [0.71-0.87] and 0.71 CI95 [0.61-0.81] in the validation cohort. Patients with extubation failure displayed a longer IMV duration (14 [7-21] vs 6 [3-11] days) and a higher in-ICU mortality rate (8.7% vs 2.4%). Three hundred and nineteen (21.1%) patients underwent tracheostomy without extubation attempt. Patients with direct tracheostomy displayed a longer duration of IMV and higher in-ICU mortality than patients with an extubation attempt (success and failure). Conclusions: In neurocritical care patients, extubation failure is high and is associated with unfavourable outcomes. A score could predict extubation success in multiple settings. However, it will be mandatory to validate our findings in another prospective independent cohort