14 research outputs found

    Distribution patterns of fleshy-fruited woody plants at local and regional scales

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    Fleshy-fruited woody plants share a long history with humans, providing us with food and wood material. Because of this relation, we have actively moved some of these plants across landscapes and continents. In Sweden, these species are often found in open and semi-open habitats such as forest edges, their fruits are most often dispersed by birds and their flowers are, with some exceptions, pollinated by insects.   In this thesis my overall aim was to map and analyse distribution patterns of fleshy-fruited woody plants in Sweden to expand our knowledge on the mechanisms governing their distributions. First, I mapped a population of the early flowering, fleshy-fruited shrub Daphne mezereum (common mezeron, tibast) and surveyed the reproduction and fruit removal of all individuals (chapter I). My main aim was to investigate to what extent reproduction and fruit removal was affected by local distribution patterns. Secondly, I mapped local distribution patterns of fleshy-fruited woody species and analysed spatial associations between life stages and species (chapter II). My main aim was to relate these spatial associations to predictions of how bird dispersal would shape the local distribution patterns and the hypothesis that birds create ‘wild orchards’. Thirdly, I digitized historical maps and surveyed fleshy-fruited woody species along transects across landscapes (chapter III). My aim was to examine the hypothesis that these species accumulate in open and semi open habitats created by human land use. Fourthly, I estimated range filling of woody plants in Sweden at a 1 km2 resolution (chapter IV). My aim was to compare these estimates among species with different dispersal systems to understand the effect of dispersal on the occupancy of woody species at regional scales. I found the distribution patterns of these species to be affected by past and present land use, supporting the hypothesis that these plants accumulate in open habitats. Occurrences of species in this guild in todays’ forest are positively related to past human land use (chapter III) and the density of D. mezereum increases with decreasing distances to forest edges (chapter I). This accumulation may in part be explained by the positive effect of forest edges on reproduction and fruit removal (chapter I). I further found local distribution patterns of this guild and the individual species to be aggregated (chapter I and II), and spatial associations between saplings and reproductive individuals to support the ‘orchard’ hypothesis (chapter II). The aggregated pattern of fruit-bearing individuals was positively related to fruit removal whereas aggregated flowering individuals was negatively related to fruit set (chapter I). On the regional scale, I found these species to occupy climatically suitable areas, or fill their potential ranges, to a less extent that wind dispersed trees and shrubs (chapter IV), which may indicate dispersal limitation. In conclusion, the behaviour of birds and humans have shaped, and still shape the current distribution of fleshy-fruited trees and shrubs in Sweden, resulting in accumulation in open habitats and locally aggregated distribution patterns. Changing land-use practices and potential mismatches between fruit maturation and bird dispersal with a changing climate may thus result in even lower chances of these species to fill their potential ranges, due to habitat losses and dispersal limitations at local and regional scales.

    Distribution patterns of fleshy-fruited woody plants at local and regional scales

    No full text
    Fleshy-fruited woody plants share a long history with humans, providing us with food and wood material. Because of this relation, we have actively moved some of these plants across landscapes and continents. In Sweden, these species are often found in open and semi-open habitats such as forest edges, their fruits are most often dispersed by birds and their flowers are, with some exceptions, pollinated by insects.   In this thesis my overall aim was to map and analyse distribution patterns of fleshy-fruited woody plants in Sweden to expand our knowledge on the mechanisms governing their distributions. First, I mapped a population of the early flowering, fleshy-fruited shrub Daphne mezereum (common mezeron, tibast) and surveyed the reproduction and fruit removal of all individuals (chapter I). My main aim was to investigate to what extent reproduction and fruit removal was affected by local distribution patterns. Secondly, I mapped local distribution patterns of fleshy-fruited woody species and analysed spatial associations between life stages and species (chapter II). My main aim was to relate these spatial associations to predictions of how bird dispersal would shape the local distribution patterns and the hypothesis that birds create ‘wild orchards’. Thirdly, I digitized historical maps and surveyed fleshy-fruited woody species along transects across landscapes (chapter III). My aim was to examine the hypothesis that these species accumulate in open and semi open habitats created by human land use. Fourthly, I estimated range filling of woody plants in Sweden at a 1 km2 resolution (chapter IV). My aim was to compare these estimates among species with different dispersal systems to understand the effect of dispersal on the occupancy of woody species at regional scales. I found the distribution patterns of these species to be affected by past and present land use, supporting the hypothesis that these plants accumulate in open habitats. Occurrences of species in this guild in todays’ forest are positively related to past human land use (chapter III) and the density of D. mezereum increases with decreasing distances to forest edges (chapter I). This accumulation may in part be explained by the positive effect of forest edges on reproduction and fruit removal (chapter I). I further found local distribution patterns of this guild and the individual species to be aggregated (chapter I and II), and spatial associations between saplings and reproductive individuals to support the ‘orchard’ hypothesis (chapter II). The aggregated pattern of fruit-bearing individuals was positively related to fruit removal whereas aggregated flowering individuals was negatively related to fruit set (chapter I). On the regional scale, I found these species to occupy climatically suitable areas, or fill their potential ranges, to a less extent that wind dispersed trees and shrubs (chapter IV), which may indicate dispersal limitation. In conclusion, the behaviour of birds and humans have shaped, and still shape the current distribution of fleshy-fruited trees and shrubs in Sweden, resulting in accumulation in open habitats and locally aggregated distribution patterns. Changing land-use practices and potential mismatches between fruit maturation and bird dispersal with a changing climate may thus result in even lower chances of these species to fill their potential ranges, due to habitat losses and dispersal limitations at local and regional scales.

    Tourist organizations' work with the Chinese market in Sweden : A study on the Chinese market in VĂ€rmland

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    Turism Ă€r ett fenomen som existerar i hela vĂ€rlden och som förĂ€ndras och utvecklas kontinuerlig, en marknad som har vĂ€xt snabbast i hela vĂ€rlden de senaste Ă„ren Ă€r den kinesiska marknaden. FörutsĂ€ttningar för att turism ska uppstĂ„ pĂ„ en destination grundas bland annat pĂ„ att det finns en sevĂ€rdhet som Ă€r attraktiv. Syftet med studien Ă€r att bidra med insikter om hur den kinesiska marknaden bör bearbetas av och inom de vĂ€rmlĂ€ndska turistorganisationerna för att attrahera, genom att undersöka hur turistorganisationer i Sverige arbetar med attraktion, marknadsutveckling och segmentering för att attrahera den kinesiska marknaden. FrĂ„gestĂ€llningarna i studien behandlar vilken kunskap turistorganisationer har om den kinesiska marknaden och hur turistorganisationer arbetar för att attrahera kinesiska besökare. Slutligen rör den sista frĂ„gestĂ€llningen om vilka verktyg som Ă€r anvĂ€ndbara med destinationsutveckling och marknadsföring för att attrahera den kinesiska mĂ„lgruppen till VĂ€rmland. Studiens undersökning baseras pĂ„ en kvalitativ metod med utgĂ„ngspunkt i hermeneutisk vetenskapsteori. I teorin har vi utgĂ„tt efter fyra teman; attraktivitet och upplevelser i en destination, marknadsföring av destinationen, segmentering och exportmognad. Studien bestĂ„r av sju halvstrukturerade intervjuer med turistorganisationer, resultatet presenteras i empirikapitlet “Sju turistorganisationer i blickfĂ„nget” dĂ€r Ă€ven informanternas svar jĂ€mförs utifrĂ„n olika teman. Resultatet av intervjuerna analyseras med tidigare forskning, bland annat analyseras attraktion och upplevelser i en destination, marknadsföring, segmentering och exportmognad i samband med den kinesiska marknaden. Studiens syfte och frĂ„gestĂ€llningar besvaras i slutsats, dĂ€r vi bland annat har kommit fram till att det Ă€r viktigt att ha kunskap om den kinesiska marknaden, anpassa upplevelser som har en trygghet och fĂ„r samtidigt vara delaktiga. LikasĂ„ Ă€r det viktigt att samarbeta för att enklare nĂ„ ut till den kinesiska marknaden.Tourism is a phenomenon that exists throughout the world and which is changing and developing continuously, a market that has grown fast in the world in recent years is the Chinese market. Condition for tourism to occur on a destination are based, among other things, on the presence of an attractive attraction. The purpose of the study is to provide insight into how the Chinese market should be processed by and within the tourism organizations in VĂ€rmland to attract, by examining how tourist organizations in Sweden work with attraction, market development and segmentation to attract the Chinese market. The questions in the study deal with knowledge from the tourist organizations about the Chinese market and how tourist organizations work to attract Chinese visitors. Finally, the last question concerns which tools are useful with destination development and marketing to attract the Chinese market to VĂ€rmland. The study is based on a qualitative method based on hermeneutical theory. In theory we have dealt with four themes; attractiveness and experiences in a destination, marketing of the destination, segmentation and export maturity. The study consists of seven semi-structured interviews with tourist organizations. The result is presented in empirin, where the informantsÂŽ answers are also compared based on different themes. The results of the interviews are analyzed with previous research, including analyzing attraction and experience in a destination, marketing, segmentation and export maturity associated with the Chinese market. The purpose and questions of the study are answered in the end, where we have, among other things, come to the conclusion that it is important to have knowledge of the Chinese market, to adapt experiences that are secure and at the same time be involved. Similarly, it is important to work together to make it easier for the Chinese market

    How does the intake of refuges affect tourism? : A study on municipalities Hagfors, SĂ€ffle, Filipstad, Torsby and Kristinehamn in VĂ€rmland

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    TurismnÀringen i Sverige omsÀtter stora summor varje Är och skapar sysselsÀttning till samhÀllet genom bland annat arbetsmöjligheter till lokalbefolkningen samt inkomst till destinationen. TurismnÀringen Àr en kÀnslig nÀring som snabbt kan bli pÄverkad av nÄgot ovÀntat och av en plötslig hÀndelse. Syftet med den hÀr uppsatsen Àr att studera hur en plötslig och ovÀntad situation kan pÄverka turismnÀringen i Sverige med en studie pÄ flyktingmottagandets pÄverkan pÄ turismnÀringen i region VÀrmland. VÄra tvÄ frÄgestÀllningar till uppsatsen handlar om, om flyktingmottagandet har nÄgon pÄverkan pÄ turismanlÀggningar i VÀrmland och vad tillför flyktingmottagandet för VÀrmland. I teorin har vi utgÄtt frÄn fyra teman som Àr flyktingmottagandet, flyktingmottagandets pÄverkan pÄ turismnÀringen, turismnÀringen samt kris av form av en ovÀntad och plötslig situation. I empirin presenterar vi vÄra kvalitativa och semistrukturerade intervjuer med kommunerna Hagfors, SÀffle, Filipstad, Torsby och Kristinehamn. Vi valde att intervjua turismaktörer i de valda kommunerna genom telefonintervjuer och mejlintervju. Av analysen kom vi fram till fem slutsatser om hur VÀrmlands turismnÀring kan bli pÄverkad av flyktingmottagandet. De fem slutsatserna Àr hur turismanlÀggningarna pÄverkas idag samt i framtiden, jobbmöjligheterna pÄ platsen som bli pÄverkad, vad som kan tillföras av den ovÀntade och plötsliga situationen och slutligen diskuterar vi hur sÀsongsturismen kan blir pÄverkad

    How does the intake of refuges affect tourism? : A study on municipalities Hagfors, SĂ€ffle, Filipstad, Torsby and Kristinehamn in VĂ€rmland

    No full text
    TurismnÀringen i Sverige omsÀtter stora summor varje Är och skapar sysselsÀttning till samhÀllet genom bland annat arbetsmöjligheter till lokalbefolkningen samt inkomst till destinationen. TurismnÀringen Àr en kÀnslig nÀring som snabbt kan bli pÄverkad av nÄgot ovÀntat och av en plötslig hÀndelse. Syftet med den hÀr uppsatsen Àr att studera hur en plötslig och ovÀntad situation kan pÄverka turismnÀringen i Sverige med en studie pÄ flyktingmottagandets pÄverkan pÄ turismnÀringen i region VÀrmland. VÄra tvÄ frÄgestÀllningar till uppsatsen handlar om, om flyktingmottagandet har nÄgon pÄverkan pÄ turismanlÀggningar i VÀrmland och vad tillför flyktingmottagandet för VÀrmland. I teorin har vi utgÄtt frÄn fyra teman som Àr flyktingmottagandet, flyktingmottagandets pÄverkan pÄ turismnÀringen, turismnÀringen samt kris av form av en ovÀntad och plötslig situation. I empirin presenterar vi vÄra kvalitativa och semistrukturerade intervjuer med kommunerna Hagfors, SÀffle, Filipstad, Torsby och Kristinehamn. Vi valde att intervjua turismaktörer i de valda kommunerna genom telefonintervjuer och mejlintervju. Av analysen kom vi fram till fem slutsatser om hur VÀrmlands turismnÀring kan bli pÄverkad av flyktingmottagandet. De fem slutsatserna Àr hur turismanlÀggningarna pÄverkas idag samt i framtiden, jobbmöjligheterna pÄ platsen som bli pÄverkad, vad som kan tillföras av den ovÀntade och plötsliga situationen och slutligen diskuterar vi hur sÀsongsturismen kan blir pÄverkad

    Business opportunity creation through Social Networking Sites : A network perspective

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    Business opportunity creation through Social Networking Sites : A network perspective

    No full text
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