Trygg i transport – effekten av tid och upprepning på unghästars lastträning

Hästar transporteras över hela världen i syften som försäljning, tävling, träning och djursjukhusvistelse. I många fall, men kanske främst vid transport till djursjukhus, hinner aldrig den unga hästen få träna sig på att lastas innan den ska åka iväg någonstans. Den unga hästen utsätts för många obekanta och främmande situationer i samband med lastning, något som medför att den blir stressad. Den obehagskänsla eller stress som hästen upplever kan uttryckas på flera olika sätt, exempelvis beteendemässigt eller fysiologiskt. Det krävs därför att hästen lär sig vad transporten innebär och att det inte är något att vara rädd för, vilket kan innebära en svår uppgift för djurhållaren. Syftet med den här experimentella studien var att få en uppfattning för hur den unga hästen påverkas av att lastas samt att ge en förståelse för hur den orutinerade hästens inlärning kan tillämpas i vardagliga situationer då hästhållare ska förbereda transport av sina unga hästar. Studien inriktade sig därför på att ta reda på hur hästen beter sig vid lastning, hur hästens puls förändras under lastningstillfället, hur lång tid det tar att lasta en unghäst och hur dessa faktorer förändras med antalet gånger som hästen lastas. I studien användes sex stycken hästar av rasen islandshäst. Samtliga hästar lastades tre gånger vardera, en gång om dagen i tre dagar. Beteenden som registrerades var fekaliserar, står stilla och drar åt sidan, det kunde utläsas att fler beteenden registrerades under dag 1 än under dag 2 och 3. Pulsen ökade markant när hästarna gick in i transporten jämfört med pulsen som mättes innan lastning. Pulsen sjönk betydligt när hästarna hade lastats av och stod åter på fast mark igen. Tiden som det tog att lasta hästarna minskade för varje dag som de lastades. Studien visar att unghästarna rent fysiologiskt är mycket mer påverkade av att stå inne i transporten än vad de är när de står på vanlig fast mark. Studien klargör också att den unga hästen med hjälp av inlärning förstår vad det innebär att lastas då resultatet tydliggör en signifikant lägre puls men även mindre uppvisade beteenden med antalet gånger som hästen blir lastad. Undantaget för den här studien är dock hästarna hade högre puls vid andra lastningstillfället än vid första. Resultatet från lastningstiden tolkas som att det går fortare att lasta en häst på en transport med antalet gånger som den blir lastad, åtminstone om inget har skrämt hästen under tidigare lastningar. Att lastningsträna den unga hästen innan transportering anses vara av stort värde för att förbättra den unga orutinerade hästens välfärd vid transport.Horses are transported around the world for purposes such as sales, competition, training and veterinary care. In many cases, mainly in transport to the veterinary hospital, the horse has not been trained to be loaded before being transported. The young horse is exposed to many unfamiliar and potentially frightening situations during loading, which can result in stress. The discomfort or stress the horse is experiencing can be expressed behaviorally and/or physiologically. It is therefore required that the horse is habituated to the vehicle and transportation, which could be a difficult task for the horse owner. The aim of this study was to achieve an understanding of how the young horse is affected by loading. I also wanted to show how the inexperienced horse learning theory can be applied in everyday situations when horse keepers prepare for transporting their young horses. The study focused therefore on how the horse behaves when loading, how the horse's heart rate changes during the time of loading, how long it takes to load a young horse, and how these factors change with the number of times the horse is loaded. The study used six Icelandic horses. All horses were loaded three times each, once a day for three consecutive days. The results of the heart rate and loading time were compared and tested for statistical significance. Behaviors recorded were defecation, stand calm and pull to one side. It could be deduced that more behaviors were recorded on day 1 than on day 2 and 3. Heart rate was significantly higher when the horses were in the trailer (P= 0.042) compared with the heart rate that was measured before loading. Heart rate decreased significantly when the horses were unloaded and stood back on solid ground again (P= 0.008). The time it took to load the horses decreased significantly by day (P= 0.002). The study shows that young horses, physiologically, is significantly affected by standing inside the vehicle compared to when they are outside on solid ground. The study also clarifies that the young horse with the help of learning, through repeated exposure, understands what it means to be loaded as the result elucidates a significantly lower heart rate, but also less behavior exhibited by the number of times that the horse will be loaded. Somewhat surprising was that the horses had a higher heart rate the second time of loading than the first. Loading time was reduced with an increasing number of times the horse was loaded. However, this effect might be reversed if something scares the horse during loading. To train the young horse of loading before transportation is considered to be of great value to improve the young horse welfare and human safety during transport

THE ROLE OF ALBANIAN FISCAL POLICIES TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE ECONOMY SITUATIONS

It’s clearly to say that, fiscal policies are one of the most keys in the hand of government that has many impacts in the growth of the country economy. Discussing about the tax evasion of the business and the informal economy like a product of it, I must say that is an current issue not only for my country, but also for all those countries in transition. All of us argue that in any country exists a business pressure to make fiscal evasion in order to achieve more their objective that is the maximization of profits. This seems to be aftermaths by many reasons especially by the economic environment of the country; meanwhile, by the other hand the government has another aim: how to get more and more revenues from taxation which is the main recourse of the financial budget. But , why are necessary the taxes? , Which are the criteria for tax design? Which is the relationship between policies and optimal taxation? How much is the growth of informal economy in Albania and which are the necessary strategies in order to reduce the tax evasion made by business? etc are some of the most important questions to made about the topics .Answering the questions, results an clearly picture about the economic environment of Albania and the things that must to do in order to resolve perhaps a bit the problem.Informal economy, tax evasion, tax design, fiscal policies

"So bigge as bigge may be": tracking size and shape change in domestic livestock in London (AD 1220-1900)

This study presents the analysis of 7966 individual cattle, sheep, pig and domestic hen bone measurements from 105 sites excavated in London dating to the period AD 1220–1900. Multiple episodes of size change are identified, although the speed and timing varies by species. The earliest evidence for size change in cattle and sheep occurs in the early 14th century and may be connected to the need to restock livestock populations following the outbreaks of murrain in the first half of that century. Subsequent size increases in livestock size may have occurred as a combined consequence of agricultural innovations in the wake of the Black Death, the increasing commercialisation of animal farming, as the meat requirements of an expanding London grew, and the rise of the ethic of improvement

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ROLE IN INCREASING SATISFACTION FOR HEALTH SERVICES BENEFICIARES

In this paper I choose to approach this subject because I think the measure in which the beneficiaries of these services are satisfied represents, in fact, one of the best ways to measure the quality of provided services, of strategic management efficiency and is also a good way to identify the clients’ complaints regarding in general all health services, whether is about the medical staff or the way the activities are organized.health services, strategic management, patient’s satisfaction degree.

Tuning random lasing in photonic glasses

We present a detailed numerical investigation of the tunability of a diffusive random laser when Mie resonances are excited. We solve a multimode diffusion model and calculate multiple light scattering in presence of optical gain which includes dispersion in both scattering and gain, without any assumptions about the $\beta$ parameter. This allows us to investigate a realistic photonic glass made of latex spheres and rhodamine and to quantify both the lasing wavelength tunability range and the lasing threshold. Beyond what is expected by diffusive monochromatic models, the highest threshold is found when the competition between the lasing modes is strongest and not when the lasing wavelength is furthest from the maximum of the gain curve

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT a€“ CASE STUDY: THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN GREAT BRITAIN

A range of alternatives are available to water companies in the UK (United Kingdom) for reducing future water supply deficits, each having different implications in terms of environmental impacts (both positive and negative), level of service provided towater supply, public services, focus group, analysis

Concluding dialogue

This is a chapter in a book with the overall description: This is a critical time in design. Concepts and practices of design are changing in response to historical developments in the modes of industrial design production and consumption. Indeed, the imperative of more sustainable development requires profound reconsideration of design today. Theoretical foundations and professional definitions are at stake, with consequences for institutions such as museums and universities as well as for future practitioners. This is ‘critical’ on many levels, from the urgent need to address societal and environmental issues to the reflexivity required to think and do design differently

Sanitation and Hygiene Behaviour Change at Scale: Understanding Slippage

As sanitation and hygiene programmes mature, the challenge shifts from bringing communities to ODF status to sustaining this status. In this context, many programmes are confronted with the issue of slippage. This concept refers to a return to previous unhygienic behaviours, or the inability of some or all community members to continue to meet all ODF criteria. This paper explores how to discern slippage nuances and patterns, strategies to address, pre-empt and mitigate it as well as alternative monitoring systems that capture the complexity of slippage more fully. The analysis and reflections are based on direct field experience, primarily from the GSF-supported programme in Madagascar. Moreover, the underpinning principle of the paper is that slippage is an expected aspect of behaviour change-oriented sanitation and hygiene interventions, especially those at scale, and not a sign of failure thereof