Transferability of Intrusion Detection Systems Using Machine Learning between Networks

Intrusion detection systems (IDS) using machine learning is a next generation tool to strengthen the cyber security of networks. Such systems possess the potential to detect zero-day attacks, attacks that are unknown to researchers and are occurring for the first time in history. This thesis tackles novel ideas in this research domain and solves foreseeable issues of a practical deployment of such tool. The main issue addressed in this thesis are situations where an entity intends to implement an IDS using machine learning onto their network, but do not have attack data available from their own network to train the IDS. A solution is to train the IDS using attack data from other networks. However, there is a degree of uncertainty whether this is feasible as different networks use different applications and have different uses. Such IDS may not be able to adequately operate on a network when trained on data from an entirely different network. The proposed methodology in this research recommends the training set should combine attack data collected from other networks with benign traffic which originates from the network the IDS is to be implemented on. This method is compared with a training set which is completely composed of both attack and benign data from a completely different network. The best performing model implemented with both training sets demonstrated the feasibility of both scenarios. Both versions of that model achieved an F1 score of 0.82 and 0.81 respectively, and both versions detected roughly 70% of attacks and 99% of benign traffic. However, most IDSs trained on the former training set listed yielded the best results. The main benefit of training a model on target network benign data is to minimize false positive classifications. The average model witnessed a 113% boost in precision, compared to their counterparts trained on foreign network benign data. Another issue addressed in this thesis is the detection scope of attacks. The IDS scope of detection is limited to the attacks it is trained on. Using the proposed IDS training set, an intuitive feature selection scheme and classification threshold adjustment, this thesis improves the IDS scope of detection to detect attacks outside of its training data. Feature selection can manipulate an IDS to detect specific attacks not included in its training data. Using threshold tuning, the IDSs in this thesis detected up to 200% more attacks. Both issues and solutions are simulated and verified in two separate scenarios using neural networks and random forest

Development of Agricultural Market and Trade Policies in the CEE Candidate Countries.

This synthesis report focuses on the evolution of agricultural market and trade policies in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) candidate countries in the period 1997 to 2001. The developments were crucially influenced by (OECD, 2000a): ⢠the situation in world agricultural markets; ⢠the overall macroeconomic development in the countries considered; ⢠the prospective EU accession; ⢠bringing domestic agricultural policy in line with the Uruguay Agreement on Agriculture (URAA). High 1997 agricultural prices on world commodity markets were followed by a marked depression in 1998. With the exemption of milk products this trend continued in 1999. Likewise the economic and financial crisis in Russia had a considerable impact on agricultural policies. It hit the regions´ exports resulting in a decline in industrial as well as agricultural output1. Thus, compared to the previous years most of the CEE candidate countries experienced a slow down or even negative rates of growth in their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1998 and 1999. In addition those countries felt increased budgetary pressures. Agricultural market and trade policies largely reacted to these developments. Border protection was increased in many countries in 1998. This was combined in some cases with export subsidies, and ad hoc producer aids to mitigate the adverse effects. The prospect of EU accession also had an influence on the agricultural policy design in the region with many countries implementing EU-type policy instruments. Thus, the importance of per hectare and per head payments increased in the region, quota like measures were implemented in some countries and as part of this development Estonia introduced tariffs for agro-food imports. Finally, many countries also continued to adjust their policies to comply with their commitments agreed to in the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Despite these general tendencies there are also differences in the development of agricultural policies between the various CEE candidates. Chapter 2 therefore provides an overview of the changes of agricultural market and trade policies in each of the 10 accession countries. It addresses the policy issues market access (e.g. tariffs, special safeguard measures), export subsidies (value and quantities) and domestic support (intervention policies, direct payments, input subsidies, production quotas). Chapter 3 provides a brief assessment of recent policy developments in the region in the light of EU accession and WTO commitments. The development of prices and values, e.g. export subsidies, agricultural support expenditure, were presented in the background papers provided by the country experts in current prices in national currencies. In this synthesis report they are in addition converted in Euro. This firstly allows for a better comparison among the CEE candidate countries as well as between those countries and the EU. Some of the accession countries still suffer from high inflation and thus a strong depreciation of their currency. Thus secondly, the conversion to Euros allows the comparisons to be made in real terms.Industrial Organization, International Development, Productivity Analysis,

The single-crystal X-ray structures of bariopharmacosiderite-C, bariopharmacosiderite-Q and natropharmacosiderite

The crystal structures of two polymorphic forms of bariopharmacosiderite have been determined. Bariopharmacosiderite-C, from Robinson's Reef, Clunes, Victoria, Australia, (Ba 0.47K 0.04Na 0.02) (Pe 3.97Al 0.03)[(As 0.72P 0.28)O 4] 3(OH) 4·2.52H 20, is cubic, space group P43m, a 7.942(1) Å, Z= 1, R = 0.089. Bariopharmacosiderite- β, from the sunny Comer mine, Sunny Corner, New South Wales, Australia, Ba 0.5Pe 4(OH) 4(AsO 4) 3·6.16H 2O, is tetragonal, space group P4̄2m, a 7.947(1), c 8.049(2) A, Z= 1, R = 0.050. In the cubic polymorph, Ba ions are disordered over all faces of the unit cell, whereas in the tetragonal polymorph, Ba ions are centered on the 001 face. In both cases, the Ba ions are 12-coordinate, with eight bonds to arsenate oxygen atoms; four H 2O groups complete the coordination sphere, with longer bonds to Ba in the cubic polymorph. Additional H 2O groups are hydrogen-bonded to each other and to the H 2O groups that coordinate Ba. Some of these exhibit "zeolitic" behavior. By analogy to the properties of synthetic pharmacoalumite, KAl 4(AsO 4) 3(OH) 4·nH 2O, the cubic polymorph appears to be more stable than the tetragonal one, although two further body-centered polymorphs are known. In addition, the crystal structure of natropharmacosiderite from the Gold Hill mine, Utah, has been determined. Natropharmacosiderite, (Na 0.75K 0.14Ba 0.11) Σ1.00 Fe 4(AsO 4) 3(OH) 3.89O 0.11H 2O, is cubic, space group P4̄3m, with a 7.928(9) Å, Z = 1 and R = 0.0654. The Na position is displaced by -0.2 Â from the Wyckoff 3c site, and is coordinated by four H 2O groups and eight oxygen atoms of arsenate groups. A new general formula for "excess cation" pharmacosiderite is proposed, involving deprotonation of bridging hydroxide ions

The single-crystal X-ray structures of bariopharmacosiderite-C, bariopharmacosiderite-Q and natropharmacosiderite

The crystal structures of two polymorphic forms of bariopharmacosiderite have been determined. Bariopharmacosiderite-C, from Robinson's Reef, Clunes, Victoria, Australia, (Ba 0.47K 0.04Na 0.02) (Pe 3.97Al 0.03)[(As 0.72P 0.28)O 4] 3(OH) 4·2.52H 20, is cubic, space group P43m, a 7.942(1) Å, Z= 1, R = 0.089. Bariopharmacosiderite- β, from the sunny Comer mine, Sunny Corner, New South Wales, Australia, Ba 0.5Pe 4(OH) 4(AsO 4) 3·6.16H 2O, is tetragonal, space group P4̄2m, a 7.947(1), c 8.049(2) A, Z= 1, R = 0.050. In the cubic polymorph, Ba ions are disordered over all faces of the unit cell, whereas in the tetragonal polymorph, Ba ions are centered on the 001 face. In both cases, the Ba ions are 12-coordinate, with eight bonds to arsenate oxygen atoms; four H 2O groups complete the coordination sphere, with longer bonds to Ba in the cubic polymorph. Additional H 2O groups are hydrogen-bonded to each other and to the H 2O groups that coordinate Ba. Some of these exhibit "zeolitic" behavior. By analogy to the properties of synthetic pharmacoalumite, KAl 4(AsO 4) 3(OH) 4·nH 2O, the cubic polymorph appears to be more stable than the tetragonal one, although two further body-centered polymorphs are known. In addition, the crystal structure of natropharmacosiderite from the Gold Hill mine, Utah, has been determined. Natropharmacosiderite, (Na 0.75K 0.14Ba 0.11) Σ1.00 Fe 4(AsO 4) 3(OH) 3.89O 0.11H 2O, is cubic, space group P4̄3m, with a 7.928(9) Å, Z = 1 and R = 0.0654. The Na position is displaced by -0.2 Â from the Wyckoff 3c site, and is coordinated by four H 2O groups and eight oxygen atoms of arsenate groups. A new general formula for "excess cation" pharmacosiderite is proposed, involving deprotonation of bridging hydroxide ions

Development of Agricultural Market and Trade Policies in the CEE Candidate Countries.

This synthesis report focuses on the evolution of agricultural market and trade policies in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) candidate countries in the period 1997 to 2001. The developments were crucially influenced by (OECD, 2000a): • the situation in world agricultural markets; • the overall macroeconomic development in the countries considered; • the prospective EU accession; • bringing domestic agricultural policy in line with the Uruguay Agreement on Agriculture (URAA). High 1997 agricultural prices on world commodity markets were followed by a marked depression in 1998. With the exemption of milk products this trend continued in 1999. Likewise the economic and financial crisis in Russia had a considerable impact on agricultural policies. It hit the regions´ exports resulting in a decline in industrial as well as agricultural output1. Thus, compared to the previous years most of the CEE candidate countries experienced a slow down or even negative rates of growth in their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1998 and 1999. In addition those countries felt increased budgetary pressures. Agricultural market and trade policies largely reacted to these developments. Border protection was increased in many countries in 1998. This was combined in some cases with export subsidies, and ad hoc producer aids to mitigate the adverse effects. The prospect of EU accession also had an influence on the agricultural policy design in the region with many countries implementing EU-type policy instruments. Thus, the importance of per hectare and per head payments increased in the region, quota like measures were implemented in some countries and as part of this development Estonia introduced tariffs for agro-food imports. Finally, many countries also continued to adjust their policies to comply with their commitments agreed to in the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Despite these general tendencies there are also differences in the development of agricultural policies between the various CEE candidates. Chapter 2 therefore provides an overview of the changes of agricultural market and trade policies in each of the 10 accession countries. It addresses the policy issues market access (e.g. tariffs, special safeguard measures), export subsidies (value and quantities) and domestic support (intervention policies, direct payments, input subsidies, production quotas). Chapter 3 provides a brief assessment of recent policy developments in the region in the light of EU accession and WTO commitments. The development of prices and values, e.g. export subsidies, agricultural support expenditure, were presented in the background papers provided by the country experts in current prices in national currencies. In this synthesis report they are in addition converted in Euro. This firstly allows for a better comparison among the CEE candidate countries as well as between those countries and the EU. Some of the accession countries still suffer from high inflation and thus a strong depreciation of their currency. Thus secondly, the conversion to Euros allows the comparisons to be made in real terms