10,203 research outputs found
Distributional Changes in the Gender Wage Gap
This paper analyzes changes in wage differentials between white men and white women over the period 1993â2006 across the entire wage distribution using Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data. We decompose distributional changes in the gender wage gap to assess the contribution of observed characteristics measuring individual productivity. We fi nd that the gender wage gap narrowed by more than 13 percent at the lowest decile and by less than 4 percent at the highest decile. The decomposition results indicate that changes in the gender wage gap are mainly attributable to changes in educational attainment at the top of the wage distribution, while a sizeable part of the changes is due to work history changes at the bottom. Our findings suggest that the educational success of women could reduce the gender wage gap at the bottom of the distribution both before and during the 1990s but did not trigger a strong decline at the top of the distribution until today.Gender wage gap; decomposition analysis; unconditional quantile regression
Electron-magnon scattering in elementary ferromagnets from first principles: lifetime broadening and band anomalies
We study the electron-magnon scattering in bulk Fe, Co, and Ni within the
framework of many-body perturbation theory implemented in the full-potential
linearized augmented-plane-wave method. To this end, a -dependent
self-energy ( self-energy) describing the scattering of electrons and
magnons is constructed from the solution of a Bethe-Salpeter equation for the
two-particle (electron-hole) Green function, in which single-particle Stoner
and collective spin-wave excitations (magnons) are treated on the same footing.
Partial self-consistency is achieved by the alignment of the chemical
potentials. The resulting renormalized electronic band structures exhibit
strong spin-dependent lifetime effects close to the Fermi energy, which are
strongest in Fe. The renormalization can give rise to a loss of quasiparticle
character close to the Fermi energy, which we attribute to electron scattering
with spatially extended spin waves. This scattering is also responsible for
dispersion anomalies in conduction bands of iron and for the formation of
satellite bands in nickel. Furthermore, we find a band anomaly at a binding
energy of 1.5~eV in iron, which results from a coupling of the quasihole with
single-particle excitations that form a peak in the Stoner continuum. This band
anomaly was recently observed in photoemission experiments. On the theory side,
we show that the contribution of the Goldstone mode to the self-energy is
expected to (nearly) vanish in the long-wavelength limit. We also present an
in-depth discussion about the possible violation of causality when an
incomplete subset of self-energy diagrams is chosen
Academic Freedom, Private-Sector Focus, and the Process of Innovation
We develop a model that clarifies the respective advantages and disadvantages of academic and private-sector research. Our model assumes full protection of intellectual property rights at all stages of the development process, and hence does not rely on lack of appropriability or spillovers to generate a rationale for academic research. Instead, we focus on control-rights considerations, and argue that the fundamental tradeoff between academia and the private sector is one of creative control versus focus. By serving as a precommitment mechanism that allows scientists to freely pursue their own interests, academia can be indispensable for early-stage research. At the same time, the private sector%u2019s ability to direct scientists towards higher-payoff activities makes it more attractive for later-stage research.
Academic Freedom, Private-Sector Focus, and the Process of Innovation
We develop a model that clarifies the respective advantages and disad- vantages of academic and private-sector research. Our model assumes full protection of intellectual property rights at all stages of the development process, and hence does not rely on lack of appropriability or spillovers to generate a rationale for academic research. Instead, we focus on control- rights considerations, and argue that the fundamental tradeoff between academia and the private sector is one of creative control versus focus. By serving as a precommitment mechanism that allows scientists to freely pursue their own interests, academia can be indispensable for early-stage research. At the same time, the private sector's ability to direct scientists towards higher-payo€ activities makes it more attractive for later-stage re- search.
Locus of control and savings
Abstract: This paper analyzes the relationship between individualsâ locus of control and their savings behavior, i.e. wealth accumulation, savings rates, and portfolio choices. Locus of control is a psychological concept that captures individualsâ beliefs about the controllability of life events and is a key component of self-control. We find that households with an internal reference person save more both in terms of levels and as a percentage of their permanent incomes. Although the locus-of-control gap in savings rates is largest among rich households, the gap in wealth accumulation is particularly large for poor households. Finally, households with an internal reference person and average net worth hold significantly less financial wealth, but significantly more pension wealth, than otherwise similar households with an external reference person
Retrieving time-dependent Green's functions in optics with low-coherence interferometry
We report on the passive measurement of time-dependent Green's functions in
the optical frequency domain with low-coherence interferometry. Inspired by
previous studies in acoustics and seismology, we show how the correlations of a
broadband and incoherent wave-field can directly yield the Green's functions
between scatterers of a complex medium. Both the ballistic and multiple
scattering components of the Green's function are retrieved. This approach
opens important perspectives for optical imaging and characterization in
complex scattering media.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Non-Perturbative Theory for Dispersion Self-Energy of Atoms
We go beyond the approximate series-expansions used in the dispersion theory
of finite size atoms. We demonstrate that a correct, and non-perturbative,
theory dramatically alters the dispersion selfenergies of atoms. The
non-perturbed theory gives as much as 100% corrections compared to the
traditional series expanded theory for the smaller noble gas atoms.Comment: 3 pages, no figures, 1 tabl
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