Pharmaceutical product cross-contamination: industrial and clinical pharmacy practice

Therapeutic consultation by patients is made complete by drug management which is expected to solve the patients’ problems. Pharmaceutical product cross-contamination is a serious problem which has been detected as an obstacle towards successful therapeutic goals. In the pharmaceutical care of patients in developed countries, cross-contamination of drugs has been well addressed and controlled unlike in most developing countries including Tanzania. This review intends to provide insight into this problem, aiming at increasing awareness on the health impacts of crosscontamination on patients in order to promote preventive strategies employed in combating cross-contamination in both industrial and clinical pharmacy practice

Influence of roughness on ZDDP tribofilm formation in boundary lubricated fretting

Influence of initial surface topography on tribofilm formation in ZDDP lubricated contact was analysed. A small displacement fretting tests with sinusoidal motion were carried out in classical sphere/plane configuration. A range of surfaces with different initial roughness were prepared by milling and grinding processes. Tests were carried out using variable displacement method where amplitude of imposed displacement was gradually increased after every 1000 cycles from 2 to 30 µm. The surfaces after tribological tests were measured by interferometric profiler. Main findings confirm that initial roughness has a significant influence on antiwear tribofilm formation in boundary lubricated contact. Tribofilm form faster and require less energy to activate in case of rough surface obtained by milling process than in case of smooth grinded surface. However, in contact lubricated by ZDDP additive a significant transfer of material occurred from plane to sphere specimen

Pharmaceutical product cross-contamination: industrial and clinical pharmacy practice

Therapeutic consultation by patients is made complete by drug management which is expected to solve the patients’ problems. Pharmaceutical product cross-contamination is a serious problem which has been detected as an obstacle towards successful therapeutic goals. In the pharmaceutical care of patients in developed countries, cross-contamination of drugs has been well addressed and controlled unlike in most developing countries including Tanzania. This review intends to provide insight into this problem, aiming at increasing awareness on the health impacts of crosscontamination on patients in order to promote preventive strategies employed in combating cross-contamination in both industrial and clinical pharmacy practice

ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR PROFITABLE WINERY OPERATIONS IN NORTH CAROLINA

The purpose of this report is to present information useful to grape growers and potential investors interested in constructing and operating wineries in North Carolina. The specific information relates to construction and operating costs and the profitability of processing grapes into wine in selected winery sizes. Data required to estimate costs and profitability were obtained from existing wineries, equipment manufacturers and published reports. Three basic winery operations were selected for detailed analysis. Output and product mix are varied for each of the three wineries. The three basic output levels of the three wineries are 20, 100 and 500 thousand gallons. Blending of bulk wines is used to generate three operating options. Actual costs of producing wines under assumed conditions ranged from $1.05 per fifth of pure scuppernong wine for the small winery to 88 cents per fifth for the medium and large wineries. Blending with bulk wines to double output lowered costs by 26 cents per fifth in the small winery but only 13 cents per fifth in the large winery. The medium winery operated at lower costs resulting from economies of size relative to the small winery and from tax advantages relative to the large winery. The out-of-state tax schedule was important in determining the costs and profitability of the three wineries. Internal rates of return were calculated at alternative wine prices. Rates of return above 10 percent (current cost of capital) were obtained for very selected operating conditions and the higher wine prices. It was not possible to determine if these wines could be marketed at the higher wine prices. Further analysis is needed in this area

Myoglobin facilitates angiotensin II-induced constriction of renal afferent arterioles

Vasoconstriction plays an important role in the development of acute kidney injury in rhabdomyolysis. We hypothesized that myoglobin enhances the angiotensin II (ANG II) response in afferent arterioles by increasing superoxide and reducing nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Afferent arterioles of C57Bl6 mice were isolated perfused, and vasoreactivity was analyzed using video microscopy. NO bioavailability, superoxide concentration in the vessel wall, and changes in cytosolic calcium were measured using fluorescence techniques. Myoglobin treatment (10−5M) did not change the basal arteriolar diameter during a 20-min period compared with control conditions. NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 10−4M) and l-NAME + myoglobin reduced diameters to 94.7 and 97.9% of the initial diameter, respectively. Myoglobin or l-NAME enhanced the ANG II-induced constriction of arterioles compared with control (36.6 and 34.2%, respectively, vs. 65.9%). Norepinephrine responses were not influenced by myoglobin. Combined application of myoglobin and l-NAME further facilitated the ANG II response (7.0%). Myoglobin or l-NAME decreased the NO-related fluorescence in arterioles similarly. Myoglobin enhanced the superoxide-related fluorescence, and tempol prevented this enhancement. Tempol also partly prevented the myoglobin effect on the ANG II response. Myoglobin increased the fura 2 fluorescence ratio (cytosolic calcium) during ANG II application (10−12to 10−6M). The results suggest that the enhanced afferent arteriolar reactivity to ANG II is mainly due to a myoglobin-induced increase in superoxide and associated reduction in the NO bioavailability. Signaling pathways for the augmented ANG II response include enhanced cytosolic calcium transients. In conclusion, myoglobin may contribute to the afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction in this rhabdomyolysis model.</jats:p