La Reforma procesal penal de Guatemala : del sistema inquisitivo (juicio escrito) al sistema acusatorio (juicio oral) : informe resumido /

Consultable des del TDXTítol obtingut de la portada digitalitzadaLa República de Guatemala, experimentó en el último decenio del siglo veinte, el acontecimiento más importarte de su historia jurídica procesal penal, abandonando el modelo inquisitivo (juicio escrito) y adoptando el sistema acusatorio (juicio oral). La consolidación del Nuevo Sistema, es fundamental para la democracia dentro de un Estado Constitucional de derecho, razón que motivó escribir esta tesis que contiene un análisis de la reforma y una propuesta para la consolidación de la misma, en virtud de que sí bien es cierto ésta principió hace trece años, la implementación que debe garantizar un adecuado funcionamiento del modelo se está realizando actualmente y de él depende el éxito o el fracaso de la reforma. Quienes hemos sido promotores del cambio, debemos demostrar que la correcta aplicación del sistema acusatorio, garantiza que el proceso penal sea el único instrumento constitucional para juzgar la culpabilidad o inocencia del procesado, que debe ser el objetivo de la justicia penal y que inspiró presente trabajo.The Republic of Guatemala has experienced the most important fact of its legal background, in the last decade of the 20th century. It started with a reform in the criminal justice system, which radically changed, the administration of justice, abandoning at the same time, the inquisitorial model (written trial) an adopting the accusatory system (oral trial). The reform of the criminal justice system of Guatemala, formally started the first of July of 1994, with the going into effect of the new law for the reform of the criminal justice system, which in fact is not over yet. This open the door for the reform of the criminal justice system in Latin America, which has to be seen in the global context, as the result of political and economical facts that have changed the sequence of human history, as have disappearance of the Berlin Wall, the end of the Cold War, the democratization of all countries of the area, the ever changing technological advances of the new society of knowledge and international globalization, that brought new criminal forms and social conflicts, which demand a rapid and transparent application of criminal justice, taking into consideration that it is fundamental in the construction of a democratic country, in the constitutional state of law. This is the central motivational factor of this doctoral thesis; basically contains an analysis of the criminal justice reform in Guatemala and a proposal that allows consolidation of this reform; considering the fact that the reform began twenty years ago, the real process that can guarantee an accurate implementation of the model, is currently in place, and everything else depends on the success or failure of the reform. This investigation is structured in six chapters; the first one explains the criminal justice reform in Guatemala and the second, the criminal justice reform in Latin America; the third one refers to the constitutional principles and guarantees of the criminal justice reform in Guatemala; the fourth, considers the main principles of the accusatory system; the fifth concerns the phases of the criminal justice reform in Guatemala and the sixth addresses the proposal for the implementation of the model, which is now been in progress, and the last chapter presents a conclusion, bibliography and a glossary. It is up to those of us, who in one way or another contribute, with the change, to demonstrate that the right application of the accusatory system in Guatemala, guaranties that the reform of criminal justice is the constitutional instrument to prove the guilt or innocence of the accused, and this should be primary objective of the criminal law. It is also the inspiration for this dissertation

Correction : Chaparro et al. Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Spain: Large-Scale Epidemiological Study. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2885

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]

Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Spain : Large-Scale Epidemiological Study

(1) Aims: To assess the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Spain, to describe the main epidemiological and clinical characteristics at diagnosis and the evolution of the disease, and to explore the use of drug treatments. (2) Methods: Prospective, population-based nationwide registry. Adult patients diagnosed with IBD-Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) or IBD unclassified (IBD-U)-during 2017 in Spain were included and were followed-up for 1 year. (3) Results: We identified 3611 incident cases of IBD diagnosed during 2017 in 108 hospitals covering over 22 million inhabitants. The overall incidence (cases/100,000 person-years) was 16 for IBD, 7.5 for CD, 8 for UC, and 0.5 for IBD-U; 53% of patients were male and median age was 43 years (interquartile range = 31-56 years). During a median 12-month follow-up, 34% of patients were treated with systemic steroids, 25% with immunomodulators, 15% with biologics and 5.6% underwent surgery. The percentage of patients under these treatments was significantly higher in CD than UC and IBD-U. Use of systemic steroids and biologics was significantly higher in hospitals with high resources. In total, 28% of patients were hospitalized (35% CD and 22% UC patients, p < 0.01). (4) Conclusion: The incidence of IBD in Spain is rather high and similar to that reported in Northern Europe. IBD patients require substantial therapeutic resources, which are greater in CD and in hospitals with high resources, and much higher than previously reported. One third of patients are hospitalized in the first year after diagnosis and a relevant proportion undergo surgery

La reforma procesal penal de Guatemala. Del sistema inquisitivo (juicio escrito) al sistema acusatorio (juicio oral)

La República de Guatemala, experimentó en el último decenio del siglo veinte, el acontecimiento más importarte de su historia jurídica procesal penal, abandonando el modelo inquisitivo (juicio escrito) y adoptando el sistema acusatorio (juicio oral).La consolidación del Nuevo Sistema, es fundamental para la democracia dentro de un Estado Constitucional de derecho, razón que motivó escribir esta tesis que contiene un análisis de la reforma y una propuesta para la consolidación de la misma, en virtud de que sí bien es cierto ésta principió hace trece años, la implementación que debe garantizar un adecuado funcionamiento del modelo se está realizando actualmente y de él depende el éxito o el fracaso de la reforma.Quienes hemos sido promotores del cambio, debemos demostrar que la correcta aplicación del sistema acusatorio, garantiza que el proceso penal sea el único instrumento constitucional para juzgar la culpabilidad o inocencia del procesado, que debe ser el objetivo de la justicia penal y que inspiró presente trabajo.The Republic of Guatemala has experienced the most important fact of its legal background, in the last decade of the 20th century.It started with a reform in the criminal justice system, which radically changed, the administration of justice, abandoning at the same time, the inquisitorial model (written trial) an adopting the accusatory system (oral trial).The reform of the criminal justice system of Guatemala, formally started the first of July of 1994, with the going into effect of the new law for the reform of the criminal justice system, which in fact is not over yet.This open the door for the reform of the criminal justice system in Latin America, which has to be seen in the global context, as the result of political and economical facts that have changed the sequence of human history, as have disappearance of the Berlin Wall, the end of the Cold War, the democratization of all countries of the area, the ever changing technological advances of the new society of knowledge and international globalization, that brought new criminal forms and social conflicts, which demand a rapid and transparent application of criminal justice, taking into consideration that it is fundamental in the construction of a democratic country, in the constitutional state of law.This is the central motivational factor of this doctoral thesis; basically contains an analysis of the criminal justice reform in Guatemala and a proposal that allows consolidation of this reform; considering the fact that the reform began twenty years ago, the real process that can guarantee an accurate implementation of the model, is currently in place, and everything else depends on the success or failure of the reform.This investigation is structured in six chapters; the first one explains the criminal justice reform in Guatemala and the second, the criminal justice reform in Latin America; the third one refers to the constitutional principles and guarantees of the criminal justice reform in Guatemala; the fourth, considers the main principles of the accusatory system; the fifth concerns the phases of the criminal justice reform in Guatemala and the sixth addresses the proposal for the implementation of the model, which is now been in progress, and the last chapter presents a conclusion, bibliography and a glossary.It is up to those of us, who in one way or another contribute, with the change, to demonstrate that the right application of the accusatory system in Guatemala, guaranties that the reform of criminal justice is the constitutional instrument to prove the guilt or innocence of the accused, and this should be primary objective of the criminal law.It is also the inspiration for this dissertation

The Genetic Architecture of Parkinson Disease in Spain: Characterizing Population-Specific Risk, Differential Haplotype Structures, and Providing Etiologic Insight

Background: The Iberian Peninsula stands out as having variable levels of population admixture and isolation, making Spain an interesting setting for studying the genetic architecture of neurodegenerative diseases. Objectives: To perform the largest PD genome-wide association study restricted to a single country. Methods: We performed a GWAS for both risk of PD and age at onset in 7,849 Spanish individuals. Further analyses included population-specific risk haplotype assessments, polygenic risk scoring through machine learning, Mendelian randomization of expression, and methylation data to gain insight into disease-associated loci, heritability estimates, genetic correlations, and burden analyses. Results: We identified a novel population-specific genome-wide association study signal at PARK2 associated with age at onset, which was likely dependent on the c.155delA mutation. We replicated four genome-wide independent signals associated with PD risk, including SNCA, LRRK2, KANSL1/MAPT, and HLA-DQB1. A significant trend for smaller risk haplotypes at known loci was found compared to similar studies of non-Spanish origin. Seventeen PD-related genes showed functional consequence by two-sample Mendelian randomization in expression and methylation data sets. Long runs of homozygosity at 28 known genes/loci were found to be enriched in cases versus controls. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate the utility of the Spanish risk haplotype substructure for future fine-mapping efforts, showing how leveraging unique and diverse population histories can benefit genetic studies of complex diseases. The present study points to PARK2 as a major hallmark of PD etiology in Spain.This research was supported, in part, by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; project numbers: 1ZIA‐NS003154‐03, Z01‐AG000949‐02, and Z01‐ES101986). In addition, this work was supported by the Department of Defense (award W81XWH‐09‐2‐0128), The Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, and the ISCIII Grants PI 15/0878 (Fondos Feder) to V.A. and PI 15/01013 to J,H. This study was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PI14/01823, PI16/01575, PI18/01898, [SAF2006‐10126 (2006‐2009), SAF2010‐22329‐C02‐01 (2010‐2012), and SAF2013‐47939‐R (2013‐2018)]), co‐founded by ISCIII (Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación) and by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), the Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo de la Junta de Andalucía (CVI‐02526, CTS‐7685), the Consejería de Salud y Bienestar Social de la Junta de Andalucía (PI‐0437‐2012, PI‐0471‐2013), the Sociedad Andaluza de Neurología, the Jacques and Gloria Gossweiler Foundation, the Fundación Alicia Koplowitz, and the Fundación Mutua Madrileña. Pilar Gómez‐Garre was supported by the “Miguel Servet” (from ISCIII16 FEDER) and “Nicolás Monardes” (from Andalusian Ministry of Health) programmes. Silvia Jesús Maestre was supported by the “Juan Rodés” programme, and Daniel Macías‐García was supported by the “Río Hortega” programme (both from ISCIII‐FEDER). Cristina Tejera Parrado was supported by VPPI‐US from the Universidad de Sevilla. This research has been conducted using samples from the HUVR‐IBiS Biobank (Andalusian Public Health System Biobank and ISCIII‐Red de Biobancos PT13/0010/0056). This work was also supported by the grant PSI2014‐57643 from the Junta de Andalucía to the CTS‐438 group and a research award from the Andalusian Society of Neurology

The Genetic Architecture of Parkinson Disease in Spain: Characterizing Population‐Specific Risk, Differential Haplotype Structures, and Providing Etiologic Insight

The Iberian Peninsula stands out as having variable levels of population admixture and isolation, making Spain an interesting setting for studying the genetic architecture of neurodegenerative diseases. To perform the largest PD genome-wide association study restricted to a single country. We performed a GWAS for both risk of PD and age at onset in 7,849 Spanish individuals. Further analyses included population-specific risk haplotype assessments, polygenic risk scoring through machine learning, Mendelian randomization of expression, and methylation data to gain insight into disease-associated loci, heritability estimates, genetic correlations, and burden analyses. We identified a novel population-specific genome-wide association study signal at PARK2 associated with age at onset, which was likely dependent on the c.155delA mutation. We replicated four genome-wide independent signals associated with PD risk, including SNCA, LRRK2, KANSL1/MAPT, and HLA-DQB1. A significant trend for smaller risk haplotypes at known loci was found compared to similar studies of non-Spanish origin. Seventeen PD-related genes showed functional consequence by two-sample Mendelian randomization in expression and methylation data sets. Long runs of homozygosity at 28 known genes/loci were found to be enriched in cases versus controls. Our data demonstrate the utility of the Spanish risk haplotype substructure for future fine-mapping efforts, showing how leveraging unique and diverse population histories can benefit genetic studies of complex diseases. The present study points to PARK2 as a major hallmark of PD etiology in Spain. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

The Genetic Architecture of Parkinson Disease in Spain: Characterizing Population-Specific Risk, Differential Haplotype Structures, and Providing Etiologic Insight.

The Iberian Peninsula stands out as having variable levels of population admixture and isolation, making Spain an interesting setting for studying the genetic architecture of neurodegenerative diseases. To perform the largest PD genome-wide association study restricted to a single country. We performed a GWAS for both risk of PD and age at onset in 7,849 Spanish individuals. Further analyses included population-specific risk haplotype assessments, polygenic risk scoring through machine learning, Mendelian randomization of expression, and methylation data to gain insight into disease-associated loci, heritability estimates, genetic correlations, and burden analyses. We identified a novel population-specific genome-wide association study signal at PARK2 associated with age at onset, which was likely dependent on the c.155delA mutation. We replicated four genome-wide independent signals associated with PD risk, including SNCA, LRRK2, KANSL1/MAPT, and HLA-DQB1. A significant trend for smaller risk haplotypes at known loci was found compared to similar studies of non-Spanish origin. Seventeen PD-related genes showed functional consequence by two-sample Mendelian randomization in expression and methylation data sets. Long runs of homozygosity at 28 known genes/loci were found to be enriched in cases versus controls. Our data demonstrate the utility of the Spanish risk haplotype substructure for future fine-mapping efforts, showing how leveraging unique and diverse population histories can benefit genetic studies of complex diseases. The present study points to PARK2 as a major hallmark of PD etiology in Spain. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society