Food waste drivers in Europe, from identification to possible interventions

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Jean-Christophe Paoli - Printzipàles e pastori sardi. Origine e trasformazione di un allevamento ovino mediterraneo

En lisant les pages d’un chercheur français qui décrit l’évolution des systèmes agro-pastoraux de la Sardaigne, un agronome italien ne peut pas s’empêcher de se souvenir de l’ouvrage extraordinaire de Maurice Le Lannou, le grand géographe du XXe siècle, qui dans les années 1930 dévoua son énergie de jeune doctorant à des longs séjours d’étude sur cette île merveilleuse : un continent antique, discret et primitif au milieu de la mer Méditerranée, dont il nous a raconté avec lucidité scientifiq..

The 2030 Veterinary Antimicrobial Sales Reduction Target in Europe: Where Are We?

The 2030 Veterinary Antimicrobial Sales Reduction Target in Europe: Where Are We

Identifying specific targets for the member states to achieve the European Union's goal of 50 per cent reduction in sales of veterinary antimicrobials by 2030

This article proposes a tailored approach to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock among EU countries, in alignment with the EU Farm-to-Fork initiative that targets a 50 per cent reduction by 2030. We argue against a one-size-fits-all target and introduce country-specific targets based on individual factors such as current antimicrobial sales, GDP, and livestock and human densities. Using data from the European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption (ESVAC), the article identifies countries with high densities of animals and humans, as well as high levels of AMU per livestock unit, such as Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain and Poland, as needing to prioritise greater reduction efforts. The article also underlines the need for a more precise EU-level indicator of AMU, as sales do not directly represent use. It suggests that specific targets and regulations should apply to antimicrobials classified as 'Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials' by the WHO. The article recommends extending these targets to different sectors and even individual farms, with high-consumption sectors and poorly performing farms making greater efforts. By considering these factors, the article aims to provide a fair and effective approach to reducing AMU, mitigate the risks associated with antimicrobial resistance, and contribute to achieving the Farm-to-Fork strategy AMU reduction target.Cet article propose une approche sur mesure pour réduire l'utilisation d'antimicrobiens (UAM) dans l'élevage des pays de l'Union européenne, conformément à l'initiative européenne De la ferme à l'assiette qui vise une réduction de 50 pour cent d'ici 2030. Nous argumentons contre un objectif unique et pour l'introduction d'objectifs spécifiques à chaque pays, fondés sur des facteurs individuels tels que les ventes réelles d'antimicrobiens, le PIB et les densités animales et humaines. À l'aide des données de la Surveillance européenne de la consommation d'antimicrobiens vétérinaires (ESVAC), l'article identifie les pays présentant de fortes densités en animaux et humains, ainsi que des niveaux élevés d'UAM par unité de bétail, comme l'Allemagne, la Belgique, l'Italie, l'Espagne et la Pologne, comme devant privilégier des efforts de réduction plus importants. L'article souligne également la nécessité d'un indicateur de l'UAM plus précis au niveau européen, dans la mesure où les ventes ne représentent pas directement l'utilisation. Il suggère que des objectifs et des réglementations spécifiques devraient s'appliquer aux antimicrobiens classés comme ‘antimicrobiens d'importance critique de la plus haute priorité' par l'OMS. L'article recommande d’étendre ces objectifs à différents secteurs et même à des exploitations individuelles, les secteurs à forte consommation et les exploitations peu performantes faisant davantage d'efforts. En considérant ces facteurs, l'article vise à proposer une approche juste et efficace pour réduire l'UAM, atténuer les risques associés à la résistance aux antimicrobiens et contribuer à atteindre l'objectif de réduction de l'UAM de la stratégie De la ferme à l'assiette.In diesem Artikel wird ein ‚maßgeschneiderter‘Ansatz zur Verringerung des Einsatzes antimikrobieller Mittel (AMU) in der Tierhaltung der Mitgliedstaaten vorgeschlagen. Hintergrund ist die EU-Initiative ‘Farm-to-Fork‘, die eine 50-prozentige Reduzierung bis 2030 anstrebt. Wir sprechen uns gegen einen ‚Einheitsansatz‘und für länderspezifische Ziele aus, die auf dem jeweiligen Verkauf von antimikrobiellen Mitteln, dem BIP sowie der Tier- und Bevölkerungsdichte basieren. Anhand von Daten aus dem Europäischen Überwachungssystem zum Antibiotikaverbrauch (European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption, ESVAC) zeigten wir, dass Länder mit einer hohen Tier- und Bevölkerungsdichte sowie einer hohen Einsatzmenge von antimikrobiellen Mitteln pro Großvieheinheit, wie Deutschland, Belgien, Italien, Spanien und Polen, größere Anstrengungen zur Reduzierung des Einsatzes unternehmen müssen. Dieser Artikel unterstreicht auch die Notwendigkeit eines präziseren Indikators für den Einsatz antimikrobieller Mittel auf EU-Ebene, da die Verkäufe nicht direkt den Verbrauch widerspiegeln. Wir schlagen vor, dass für antimikrobielle Mittel, die von der WHO als besonders kritisch eingestuft werden (‚Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials‘), gesonderte Ziele und Vorschriften gelten. Der Artikel empfiehlt, diese Ziele auf verschiedene Sektoren und sogar einzelne Betriebe auszuweiten. Dabei sollten Sektoren mit einem hohen Verbrauch und Betriebe mit schlechter Leistung größere Anstrengungen unternehmen. Durch die Berücksichtigung dieser Einflussfaktoren soll ein gerechter und wirksamer Ansatz zur Verringerung des Einsatzes antimikrobieller Mittel vorgeschlagen werden. Hierdurch werden die mit der Antibiotikaresistenz verbundenen Risiken gemindert und es wird zu dem Ziel der Farm-to-Fork-Strategie zur Reduzierung der antimikrobiellen Mittel beigetragen

Nitric oxide synthase acutely regulates progesterone production by in vitro cultured rabbit corpora lutea

We examined the presence and the regulation of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) using in vitro cultured corpora lutea (CL) obtained from rabbits at days 4 and 9 of pseudopregnancy. The role of NO and NOS on steroidogenesis was also investigated using the same CL preparations after short-term incubations (30 min and 2 h) with the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (NP), the NOS inhibitor, Nomega-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and prostaglandin (PG) F-2alpha. The basal NOS activity was greater in CL at day 4 than at day 9, and was also differently modulated by PGF-2alpha, depending on the age of the CL. The addition of PGF-2alpha to day 4 CL had no effect, but PGF-2alpha on day 9 caused a threefold increase in NOS activity. NP caused a two- to fivefold decrease in release of progesterone from CL of both ages, and this inhibitory effect on steroidogenesis was reversed by l-NAME. All treatments failed to modify basal androgens and 17beta-oestradiol was not detectable in either control or treated CL. These results suggest that NO is effectively involved in the regulation process of steroidogenesis, independently of 17beta-oestradiol. PGF-2alpha had no effect on day 4, but induced luteolysis on day 9, by reducing progesterone (P</=0. 01) to about 18% of control. The luteolytic action of PGF-2alpha was completely reversed by co-incubation with l-NAME, thus supporting the hypothesis that luteolysis is mediated by NO. The addition of NP or l-NAME did not modify the in vitro release of PGF-2alpha. We hypothesised that PGF-2alpha upregulates NOS activity and, consequently, the production of NO, which acutely inhibits progesterone release from day 9 CL of pseudopregnant rabbits

Knowledge integration in One Health policy formulation, implementation and evaluation

The One Health concept covers the interrelationship between human, animal and environmental health and requires multistakeholder collaboration across many cultural, disciplinary, institutional and sectoral boundaries. Yet, the implementation of the One Health approach appears hampered by shortcomings in the global framework for health governance. Knowledge integration approaches, at all stages of policy development, could help to address these shortcomings. The identification of key objectives, the resolving of trade-offs and the creation of a common vision and a common direction can be supported by multicriteria analyses. Evidence-based decision-making and transformation of observations into narratives detailing how situations emerge and might unfold in the future can be achieved by systems thinking. Finally, transdisciplinary approaches can be used both to improve the effectiveness of existing systems and to develop novel networks for collective action. To strengthen One Health governance, we propose that knowledge integration becomes a key feature of all stages in the development of related policies. We suggest several ways in which such integration could be promoted

Pragmatic Use of Planetary Health and Nature-Based Solutions for Future Pandemics Using COVID-19 Case Scenario

https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2021.62012

Brucellosis Control in Malta and Serbia: A One Health Evaluation

Brucellosis, also known as \u201cundulant fever\u201d or \u201cMalta fever\u201d, is a zoonotic infection caused by microorganisms belonging to Brucella, a genus of gram-negative coccobacilli that behave as facultative intracellular pathogens of ruminants, swine and other animals. Brucellosis is a threat to public health, hence identifying the optimal way of preventing disease spread is important. Under certain circumstances, integrated, multidisciplinary \u201cOne Health\u201d (OH) initiatives provide added value compared to unidisciplinary or conventional health initiatives. Conceptualizing and conducting evaluations of OH approaches may help facilitate decisions on resource allocation. This article historically describes and compares Malta's 1995\u20131997 with Serbia's 2004\u20132006 brucellosis control programmes and quantitatively assesses the extent to which they were compliant with a OH approach. For both case studies, we describe the OH initiative and the system within which it operates. Characteristic OH operations (i.e., thinking, planning, working) and supporting infrastructures (to allow sharing, learning and systemic organization) were evaluated. We scored the different aspects of these programmes, with values ranging from zero to one (1 = strong integration of OH). Malta demonstrated a higher OH index (0.54) and ratio (1.37) than Serbia (0.49 and 1.14 respectively). We conclude that context and timing are key to determining how, when and why a One Health approach should be applied. The adoption of a true OH approach that involved systemic organization, leadership clarity and transdisciplinary communication, collaboration, and co-ordination was essential to Malta's successful eradication of brucellosis after several failed attempts. In contrast, contextual factors in Serbia permitted the successful adoption of a primarily sectorial approach for short term control of brucellosis. However, while a fully-fledged transdisciplinary OH approach was not initially required, it is likely to be key to maintenance of brucellosis control in the medium and long term. Through these two case studies, we demonstrate that One Health initiatives should be applied at the right place, at the right time, with the right people and using the appropriate conditions/infrastructure. Lastly, OH evaluations should include economic assessments to identify optimal of resources in these situations, thereby justifying funding and political support required

Evaluating the contribution of antimicrobial use in farmed animals to global antimicrobial resistance in humans

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is currently regarded by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the most significant risks to global public health. The most critical causes of AMR infections in humans are the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in humans and farmed animals. The rising global demand for food of animal origin encourages the increase of animal production worldwide, especially in developing countries. Simultaneously, current farming practices often extensively use antimicrobials on animals, influencing bacterial AMR incidence. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between antimicrobial use (AMU) in farmed animals and the detection of AMR infections in humans, the effects of enforcing laws in animal farming in a country on AMR situation in the neighbors, and the potential of AMR to spread from one country to another. Using data from 30 largest animal-producing countries in different regions of the world, between 2010 and 2020, and a Spatial Durbin Model (SDM), we found that AMU in farmed animals increases AMR in humans and there is a spatial dependence between countries regarding AMR spreading. Such findings indicate that a globally coordinated strategy regulating AMU on farmed animals may reduce AMR emergence and worldwide spreading