Gaia Early Data Release 3: The celestial reference frame (Gaia-CRF3)

Context. Gaia-CRF3 is the celestial reference frame for positions and proper motions in the third release of data from the Gaia mission, Gaia DR3 (and for the early third release, Gaia EDR3, which contains identical astrometric results). The reference frame is defined by the positions and proper motions at epoch 2016.0 for a specific set of extragalactic sources in the (E)DR3 catalogue. Aims. We describe the construction of Gaia-CRF3 and its properties in terms of the distributions in magnitude, colour, and astrometric quality. Methods. Compact extragalactic sources in Gaia DR3 were identified by positional cross-matching with 17 external catalogues of quasi-stellar objects (QSO) and active galactic nuclei (AGN), followed by astrometric filtering designed to remove stellar contaminants. Selecting a clean sample was favoured over including a higher number of extragalactic sources. For the final sample, the random and systematic errors in the proper motions are analysed, as well as the radio-optical offsets in position for sources in the third realisation of the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF3). Results. Gaia-CRF3 comprises about 1.6 million QSO-like sources, of which 1.2 million have five-parameter astrometric solutions in Gaia DR3 and 0.4 million have six-parameter solutions. The sources span the magnitude range G = 13-21 with a peak density at 20.6 mag, at which the typical positional uncertainty is about 1 mas. The proper motions show systematic errors on the level of 12 μas yr-1 on angular scales greater than 15 deg. For the 3142 optical counterparts of ICRF3 sources in the S/X frequency bands, the median offset from the radio positions is about 0.5 mas, but it exceeds 4 mas in either coordinate for 127 sources. We outline the future of Gaia-CRF in the next Gaia data releases. Appendices give further details on the external catalogues used, how to extract information about the Gaia-CRF3 sources, potential (Galactic) confusion sources, and the estimation of the spin and orientation of an astrometric solution

AVALIAÇÃO DO DESEMPENHO DO SISTEMA DE RASTREAMENTO POR RÁDIO FREQUÊNCIA INSTALADO EM CÂMARA DE PREFERÊNCIA / EVALUATION OF TRACKING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE BY RADIO FREQUENCY INSTALLED IN PREFERENCE CHAMBER

Os sistemas de rastreamento de toda a cadeia produtiva de animais estão cada vez mais presentes. Assim, todas as etapas do processo produtivo podem ser monitoradas por meio de sistemas inteligentes que auxiliam com precisão na tomada de decisão, maximizando todo o sistema. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho do sistema de identificação eletrônica por radio frequência (RFID) do tipo tag passivo instalado em uma câmara de preferência ambiental (CPA) quanto à detecção dos movimentos de frangos de corte, e foi realizado em duas partes: 1) Detecção do alcance das antenas utilizando um robô; 2) Rastreamento do movimento de frangos de corte entre os compartimentos da CPA. Observou-se que o sinal de RFID emitido pela etiqueta pode ser lido a aproximadamente 10 cm de distância da antena, identificando uma zona de não detecção. Portanto, o sistema RFID instalado na CPA não apresentou o desempenho esperado, e esta tecnologia deve ser replanejada ou substituída.</p

Geostatistic To Evaluate The Environmental Control In Different Ventilation Systems In Broiler Houses [geoestatística Para A Avaliação Do Controle Ambiental Do Sistema De Ventilação Em Instalações Comerciais Para Frangos De Corte]

The ventilation and cooling systems are important to environmental control inside broilers house enabling the bird to express the maximum potential of production. The aim of this study was to evaluate, using geostatistical analysis, the influence of the ventilation system and the different typologies of building in relation to thermal welfare and air quality in broilers house with birds in the final phase. The broiler facilities evaluated were: Blue House - ventilation systems with exhaust fans and nebulizers, Dark House - ventilation systems with exhaust fans and pad cooling and Solid Wall - ventilation systems with exhaust fans and pad cooling. The attributes evaluated were dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, concentration of carbon dioxide and ammonia, during the summer time at 2PM on 52 equidistant points inside the building. The data analysis was by statistical and geostatistical. Geostatistical analysis was an efficient tool to evaluate distribution of environmental conditions in the broilers houses and was able to identify the influence of presence or absence of evaporative panel inside conditions.34610621074Amaral, A.G., Yanagi Junior, T., Lima, R.R., Teixeira, V.H., Schiassi, L., Effect of the production environment on sexed broilers reared in a commercial house (2011) Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 63 (3), pp. 649-658. , Belo Horizonte, junAraujo, R.B., Faria, D.E., Faria Filho, D.E., Lima, C.G., Trevisan, R.B., Souza, K.M.R., Sakamoto, M.I., Souza, V.N., Modelos de superfície de resposta para predição do desempenho de frangos e elaboração de análise econômica (2011) Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 12 (3), pp. 770-783. , SalvadorBarbosa Filho, J.A.D., Vieirai, F.M.C., Silva, I.J.O., Garcia, D.B., Silva, M.A.N., Fonseca, B.H.F., Transporte de frangos: caracterização do microclima na carga durante o inverno (2009) Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 38 (12). , Viçosa, MG, dezBorges, G., Miranda, K.O.S., Rodrigues, V.C., Risi, N., Uso da geoestatística para avaliar a captação automática dos níveis de pressão sonora em instalações de creche para suínos (2010) Engenharia Agrícola, 30 (3), pp. 377-385. , JaboticabalBournet, P.E., Boulard, T., Effect of ventilator configuration on the distributed climate of greenhouses: A review of experimental and CFD studies (2010) Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, (74), pp. 195-217. , AmsterdamBucklin, R.A., Jacob, J.P., Mather, F.B., Leary, J.D., Nääs, I.A., (2009) Tunnel ventilation of broiler houses, , Gainesville: Institute of food and Agricultural Sciences (FACTSHEET PS - 46)Bustamante, E., García-Diego, F.J., Calvet, S., Estellés, F., Beltrán, P., Hospitaler, A., Torres, A.G., Exploring ventilation efficiency in poultry buildings: The validation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in a cross-mechanically ventilated broiler farm (2013) Energies, 6, pp. 2605-2623. , Singapura, abrilCalvet, S., Estellés, F., Cambra-López, M., Torres, A.G., Van Den Weghe, H.F., The influence of broiler activity, growth rate, and litter on carbon dioxide balances for the determination of ventilation flow rates in broiler production (2011) Poultry Science, 90, pp. 2449-2458. , OxfordCambardella, C.A., Moorman, T.B., Novak, J.M., Field scale variability of soil properties in Central Iowa soils (1994) Soil Science Society of America Journal, 58 (5), pp. 1501-1511. , MadisonCarvalho, T.M.R., Moura, D.J., Souza, Z.M., Souza, G.S., Bueno, L.G.F., Litter and air quality in different broiler housing conditions (2011) Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 46 (4), pp. 351-361. , BrasíliaCarvalho, T.M.R., Moura, D.J., Souza, Z.M., Souza, G.S., Bueno, L.G.F., Lima, K.A.O., Use of geostatistics on broiler production for evaluation of different minimum ventilation systems during brooding phase (2012) Revista Brasileira Zootecnia, 41 (1), pp. 194-202. , Viçosa, MG, janChowdhury, S., Themudo, G.E., Sandberg, M., Ersbøll, A.K., Spatio-temporal patterns of Campylobacter colonization in Danish broilers (2013) Epidemiology and Infection, 141 (5), pp. 997-1008. , Cambridge(2013) Suplemento de crescimento e nutrição para frangos de corte, p. 14. , http://www.cobb-vantress.com/docs/default-source/cobb-700-guides/cobb700-broiler-performance-and-nutrition-supplement---portuguese.pdf?sfvrsn=0, COBB. Massachusetts. Acesso em: 15 jul. 2014Corkery, G., Ward, S., Kenny, C., Hemmingway, P., Monitoring Environmental Parameters in Poultry Production Facilities (2013) Computer Aided Process Engineering, 1, pp. 1-10. , http://hdl.handle.net/10197/4257, Graz. Acesso em: 24 nov. de 2013Dozier, W.A., Purswell, J.L., Branton, S.L., Growth responses of male broilers subjected to high air velocity for either twelve or twenty-four hours from thirty-seven to fifty-one days of age (2006) The journal of applied poultry research, 15, pp. 362-366. , OxfordGlobalg, A.P., Integrated farm assurance / poultry. Controls Points and compliance criteria (2012), p. 54. , www.globalgap.org, Cologne. Acesso em: 24 fev. de 2012Little, T.M., Hills, F.J., (1978) Agricultural experimentation: design and analysis, p. 368. , New York: John Wiley & SonsMcbratney, A.B., Webster, R., How many observations are needed for regional estimation of soil properties? (1983) Soil Science, 135 (3), pp. 177-183. , PhiladelphiaMedeiros, C.M., Baêta, F.C., Oliveira, R.F.M., Tinôco, I.F.F., Albino, L.F.T., Cecon, P.R., Índice térmico ambiental de produtividade para frangos de corte (2005) Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 9 (4), pp. 660-665. , Campina GrandeMeluzzi, A., Sirri, F., Welfare of broiler chickens (2009) Italy Journal of Animal Science, 8 (1), pp. 161-173. , Pavia, marMostafa, E., Computational fluid dynamics simulationof air temperature distribution inside broiler building fitted with duct ventilation system (2012) Biosystems Engineering, 112, pp. 293-303. , QueenslandNazareno, A.C., Pandorfi, H., Almeida, G.L.P., Giongo, P.R., Pedrosa, E.M.R., Guiselini, C., Avaliação do conforto térmico e desempenho de frangos de corte sob regime de criação diferenciado (2009) Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 13 (6), pp. 802-808. , Campina GrandeNicholson, F.A., Chambers, B.J., Walker, A.W., Ammonia Emissions from Broiler Litter and Laying Hen Manure Management Systems (2004) Biosystems Engineering, 89 (2), pp. 175-185. , QueenslandPereira, P.A., Yanagi Junior, T., Silva, J.P., Lima, R.R., Campos, A.T., Abreu, L.H.P., Technical evaluation of artificial ligthing systems for broiler houses (2012) Engenharia Agrícola, 32 (6), pp. 1011-1024. , Jaboticabal, nov. /dezRocha, H.P., Furtado, D.A., Nascimento, J.W.B., Silva, J.H.V., Índices bioclimáticos e produtivos em diferentes galpões avícolas no semiárido paraibano (2010) Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 14 (12), pp. 1330-1336. , Campina GrandeSilva, E.G., Santos, A., Ferreira, C.L.S., Sousa, J.P.L., Rocha, J.M.L., Silveira Júnior, O., Variabilidade espacial das características ambientais e peso de frangos de corte em galpão de ventilação negativa (2013) Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 14 (1). , Salvador(1995) Statistical analysis system for Windows: computer program manual, p. 705. , SAS INSTITUTE CarySilva, I.M., Pandorfi, H., Almeida, G.L.P., Guiselini, C., Caldas, A.M., Jacob, A.L., Análise espacial das condições térmicas do ambiente pré-ordenha de bovinos leiteiros sob regimes de climatização (2012) Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 16 (8). , Campina GrandeTrangmar, B.B., Yost, R.S., Uehara, G., Application of geostatistics to spatial studies of soil properties (1985) Advances in Agronomy, 38 (1), pp. 45-93. , NewarkVieira, S.R., Geoestatística em estudos de variabilidade espacial do solo (2000) Tópicos em ciência do solo, 1, pp. 1-53. , NOVAIS, R. F.ALVARES, V. H.SCHAEFER, C. E. G. R. Viçosa: Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do SoloWarrick, A.W., Nielsen, D.R., Spatial variability of soil physical properties in the field (1980) Applications of soil physics, pp. 319-344. , HILLEL, D. New York: Academic 1980Yanagi Júnior, T., Amara, A.G., Teixeira, V.H., Lima, R.R., Spatial characterization of thermoacoustic and luminance environment in commercial broiler chicken house (2011) Engenharia Agrícola, 31 (1), pp. 1-12. , Jaboticabal, jan. /fe

Using Geostatistics To Evaluate The Environment Of "wean To Finish" Swine Housing [uso Da Geoestatística Na Avaliação De Variáveis Ambientais Em Galpão De Suínos Criados Em Sistema "wean To Finish" Na Fase De Terminação]

The "wean to finish" is a new pig production system in Brazil. To date, few research have investigated the environmental conditions of this pig farming system. The aim of this study was to evaluated the thermal environmental conditions and gases concentration using geostatistical techniques of a wean-to-finish barn during finishing phase at 9AM, 12PM e 3PM. The data variability was evaluated by the descriptive analysis, of the temperatures, relative humidity, air velocity, ammonia and carbon dioxide concentration. The results showed the average, median, coefficient of variation, asymmetry and curtosis and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test with the software Minitab 15. To determine the spatial dependence, the semivariogram exam was done, with the software GS+. The air velocity and gases concentration showed the highest coefficient of variation. This has happened because of the heterogeneity of the data caused by the natural ventilation. The Krigging maps showed the spacial differences of the pens with different numbers of animals in different hour of the day.345800811Borges, G., Miranda, K.O.S., Rodrigues, V.C., Risi, N., Uso da geoestatística para avaliar a captação automática dos níveis de pressão sonora em instalações de creche para suínos (2010) Engenharia Agrícola, Jaboticabal, 30 (3), pp. 377-385. , junBournet, P.E., Boulard, T., Effect of ventilator configuration on the distributed climate of greenhouses: A review of experimental and CFD studies (2010) Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 74, pp. 195-217. , New YorkCambardella, C.A., Moorman, T.B., Novak, J.M., Parkin, T.B., Karlen, D.L., Turco, R.F., Konopka, A.E., Field scale variability of soil properties in Central Iow a solis (1994) Soil Science Society of America Journal, Madison, 58 (5), pp. 1501-1511Campos, J.A., Tinôco, I.F.F., Baêta, F.C., Cecon, P.R., Mauri, A.L., Qualidade do ar, ambiente térmico e desempenho de suínos criados em creches com dimensões diferentes (2009) Engenharia Agrícola, Jaboticabal, 29 (3), pp. 339-347Carvalho, T.M.R., (2010) Influência da ventilação mínima no ambiente térmico e aéreo na fase de aquecimento para frangos de corte. 2010., , 140 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola) -Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas CampinasCarvalho, T.M.R., Moura, D.J., Souza, Z.M., Souza, G.S., Bueno, L.G.F., Qualidade da cama e do ar em diferentes condições de alojamento de frangos de corte (2011) Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, 46 (4), pp. 351-361. , abrCarvalho, T.M.R., Use of geostatistics on broiler production for evaluation of different minimum ventilation systems during brooding phase (2012) Revista Brasileira Zootecnia, 41 (1), pp. 194-202. , Viçosa, MGCastro, J.O., Campos, A.T., Ferreira, R.A., Júnior, T.Y., Tadeu, H.C., Uso de ardósia na construção de celas de maternidade: I - efeito sobre o ambiente e comportamento de suínos Engenharia Agrícola, Jaboticabal, 31 (3), pp. 458-467Corkery, G., Monitoring environmental parameters in poultry production facilities (2013) Computer Aided Process Engineering, , CAPE Forum 2013. Graz: Graz University of TechnologyFaria, F.F., Moura, D.J., Souza, Z.M., Matarazzo, S.V., Variabilidade espacial do microclima de um galpão utilizado para confinamento de bovinos de leite (2008) Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 38 (9), pp. 2498-2505(2004) Geostatistics for the environmental sciences, , Gamma Design GS+. Version 7.0. Michigan, 2004. 1 CD-ROMKiefer, C., Moura, M.S., Silva, E.A., Santos, A.P., Silva, C.M., Luz, M.F., Nantes, C.L., Respostas de suínos em terminação mantidos em diferentes ambientes térmicos (2010) Revista Brasileira Saúde Produção Animal, Salvador, 11 (2), pp. 496-504Lima, A.L., Oliveira, R.F.M., Donzele, J.L., Fernandes, H.C., Campos, P.H.R.F., Antunes, M.V.L., Resfriamento do piso da maternidade para porcas em lactação no verão (2011) Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40 (4), pp. 804-811. , Viçosa, MGMartin, W.R., (2012) Effects of heat stress on thermoregulation, reproduction and performance of different parity sows. 2012., , 154f. Thesis (Master of Science) - Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri, Missouri(2007) Minitab, , MINITAB., Versão, 15., 15.1Miles, D.M., Rowe, D.E., Owens, P.R., Winter broiler litter gases and nitrogen compounds: Temporal and spatial trends (2008) Atmospheric environment, Oxford, 42 (14), pp. 3351-3363Nääs, I.A., Uso de técnicas de precisão na produção animal (2011) Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40 (358-364), pp. 358-364. , v. Viçosa, MGOrlando, U.A.D., Oliveira, R.F.M., Donzele, J.L., Ferreira, R.A., Silva, F.C.O., Vieira Vaz, R.G.M., Siqueira, J.C., Níveis de proteína bruta e suplementação de aminoácidos em rações para leitoas mantidas em ambiente termoneutro dos 60 aos 100kg (2007) Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 36 (4), pp. 1069-1075. , Viçosa, MG SuplPandorfi, H., Almeida, G.L.P., Guiselini, C., Zootecnia de precisão: princípios básicos e atualidades na suinocultura (2012) Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, Salvador, 13 (2), pp. 558-568Paulo, R.M., Tinôco, I.F.F., Oliveira, P.A.V., Souza, C.F., Baêta, F.C., Cecon, P.R., Avaliação da amônia emitida de camas sobrepostas e piso concretado utilizados na criação de suínos (2009) Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, Campina Grande, 13 (2)Silva Neto, S.P., Santos, A.C., Leite, R.L.L., Dim, V.P., Cruz, R.S., Pedrico, A., Neto, D.N.N., Análise espacial de parâmetros da fertilidade do solo em região de ecótono sob diferentes usos e manejos (2011) Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina, 32 (2), pp. 541-552Silva Neto, S.P., Silva, R.G., Santos, A.C., Gama, F.R., Guerra, M.S.S., Brito, M.J.D., Padrões espaciais de deposição de fezes por bovinos de corte em áreas de pastagem (2011) Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 12 (2), pp. 538-550. , SalvadorSilva, E.G., Santos, A.C., Ferreira, C.L.S., Sousa, J.P.L., Rocha, J.M.L., Silveira Júnior, O., Variabilidade espacial das características ambientais e peso de frangos de corte em galpão de ventilação negativa (2013) Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 14 (1), pp. 132-141. , SalvadorSilva, I.M., Pandorfi, H., Almeida, G.L.P., Guiselini, C., Caldas, A.M., Jacob, A.L., Análise espacial das condições térmicas do ambiente pré-ordenha de bovinos leiteiros sob regimes de climatização (2012) Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 16 (8), pp. 903-909. , Campina GrandeSilva-Miranda, K.O., Borges, G., Menegale, V.L.C., Silva, I.J.O., Efeito das condições ambientais no nível de ruído emitido por leitões (2012) Engenharia Agrícola, Jaboticabal, 32 (3), pp. 1-11Soares, E.A., Leal, A.F., Malheiros Filho, J.R., Camerini, N.L., Nascimento, J.W.B., Dermeval, A.F., Zoneamento bioclimático para produção de suínos na maternidade no município de Areia - PB (2009) Revista Educação Agrícola Superior Brasília, 24 (1), pp. 3-6(2009) Contouring, gridding and surface mapping package for scientists an engineers, , http://www.goldesoftware.com, SURFER version 9.0. Acesso em: 10 fev 2010Vieira, S.R., Geoestatística em estudos de variabilidade espacial do solo (2000) Tópicos em ciência do solo, 1, pp. 1-54. , NOVAIS, R. F. et al (Ed). Viçosa: SBGS cap 1Warrick, A.W., Nielsen, D.R., Spatial variability of soil physical properties in the field (1980) Applications of soil physics, , HILLEL, D., (ed). New York, Academic Pres

Heat Transfer To Calculate Minimum Ventilation Rates For Broilers House

The correct use of minimum ventilation and heating system on broiler's brooding phase is important even in tropical climates such as Brazil. Thus, the study of heat exchange is important to determine new materials of insulation for the walls and roof, in order to achieve optimal levels of thermal comfort to raise the birds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the actual minimum ventilation rate compared to the ideal ventilation rate calculated throw the heat balance of the brooding area from a tunnel ventilated broiler house totally closed with black side curtains and to improve the minimum ventilation and the heating systems to reach the ideal temperature inside the brooding area. The trail was performed at Mombuca city, State of São Paulo. The broiler house had a brooding area that was divided in 80 grids to collect the climatic variables (dry bulb temperature, relative humidity and air velocity) at the birds' level and inside and outside the broiler house and the CO2 concentration was collected only inside the brooding area. The inside and outside surface temperature of all the brooding area (curtains, ceiling and roof) was collected using a thermograph camera. All data were collected 4 times a day (9AM, 2PM, 5PM and 9PM), in winter-time. The minimum ventilation rate was calculated according the methodology proposed by Albright (1990). The temperature was always below the ideal temperature according Nicholson et al. 2004 demonstrating the need of a 58Kg of diesel/day to reach the birds ideal temperature.381387Albright, L.D., (1990) Environmental Control for Animals and Plants, , St. Joseph, MI: ASAE Textbook(1989) Handbook of Fundamentals, , ASHRAE, Atlanta, G.A.: American Society of heating, refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, IncBarnwell, B., Wilson, M., Importance of minimum ventilation (2005) Technical Focul Cobb, 1Blanes, V., Pedersen, S., Ventilation flow in pig houses measured and calculated by carbon dioxide, moisture and heat balance equations (2005) Biosystems Engineering, 92 (4), pp. 483-493. , DOI 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2005.09.002, PII S1537511005002114(2008) Manual de Manejo de Frangos de Corte, , COBB - VANTRESS, INC. Cobb - Vantress Brasil, LTDACordeau, S., Barrington, S., Heat balance for two commercial broiler barns with solar preheated ventilation air Biosystems Engineering, 107, pp. 232-241Furtado, D.A., Dantas, R.T., Nascimento, J.W.B., Santos, J.T., Costa, F.G.P., Efeitos de diferentes sistemas de acondicionamento ambiente sobre o desempenho produtivo de frangos de corte Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 10 (2), pp. 484-489(2007) V.3.0-2-Sep07: Pontos de Controle e Critérios de Cumprimento: Garantia Integrada Da Fazenda - Aves, p. 22. , GLOBALG.APManning, L., Chadd, S.A., Baines, R.N., Key health and welfare indicators for broiler production (2007) Poultry Science, 63, pp. 63-68Medeiros, C.M., Baêta, F.C., Oliveira, R.F.M., Tinôco, I.F.F., Albino, L.F.T., Cecon, P.R., Efeitos da temperatura, umidade relativa e velocidade do ar em frangos de corte (2005) Engenharia Na Agricultura, 13 (4), pp. 277-286Miles, D.M., Owens, P.R., Rowe, D.E., Spatial variability of litter gaseous flux within a commercial broiler house: Ammonia, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and methane (2006) Poultry Science, 85 (2), pp. 167-172. , http://ps.fass.org/cgi/reprint/85/2/167Miles, D.M., Rowe, D.E., Owens, P.R., Winter broiler litter gases and nitrogen compounds: Temporal and spatial trends (2008) Atmospheric Environment, 42 (14), pp. 3351-3363. , DOI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.056, PII S1352231006012027Miles, J.W., Cardona, C., Sotelo, G., Recurrent selection in a synthetic brachiaria grass population improves resistance to three spittlebug species (2006) Crop Science, 46, pp. 1088-1093Nicholson, F.A., Chambers, B.J., Walker, A.W., Ammonia emissions from broiler litter and laying hen manure management systems (2004) Biosystems Engineering, 89 (2), pp. 175-185. , DOI 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2004.06.006, PII S1537511004001199Pauli, D.G., Silva, J.N., Vigoderis, R.B., Tinoco, I.F.F., Galvarro, S.F.S., Desenvolvimento de um software para o dimensionamento de sistemas de ventilação e resfriamento evaporativo em instalações avícolas climatizadas (2008) Revista Engenharia Na Agricultura, 16 (2), pp. 167-179Redwine, J.S., Lacey, R.E., Mukhtar, S., Carey, J.B., Concentration and emissions of ammonia and particulate matter in tunnel-ventilated broiler houses under summer conditions in Texas (2002) Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 45 (4), pp. 1101-1109Tao, X., Xin, H., Temperature-Humidity-Velocity Index for market-size broilers (2003) Proc of the 2003 ASAE Annual International Meeting, , Paper No. 03403

Sound Levels In A Wean-to-finish Facility In Brazil

Wean-to-finish is a popular production facility in the United States and is increasing in Brazilian swine production. In wean-to-finish facilities, pigs are weaned directly into a finishing style building and remain there until slaughter. The study of sound levels is characterized by the vocalizations emitted by a group of animals. The sounds may indicate stress, discomfort, fear, or any other emotional disorder. This study aimed to evaluate the sound levels emitted by different group sizes (22, 24, 26, 28 and 30 animals per pen) and stocking densities (1.12, 1.02, 0.94, 0.88, 0.82 animals/m2) in a wean-to-finish swine production system. The experiment was divided into four periods: phase 1(13.40 kg initial weight to final weight 37.95 kg), phase 2 (37.96 initial weight to final weight 60.30 kg), phase 3 (60.31 initial weight to final weight 86.86 kg) and phase 4 (86.87 initial weight to final weight 125 kg). Decibelimeters with automatic scale of 30 to 130dB located at the center of each pen were used to record the sound levels every 30 seconds. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA and Tukey's test and were performed using SAEG (System for Genetic Analysis and Statistics). The results showed lowest sound levels for the smallest group size studied (22 animals). The highest mean sound level of 61.4 dB occurred in the 26 animals/pen group size, which was within the allowable limit of 85 dB specified in NR15 Brazilian norm. It can be concluded that main sound level emitted by pigs in a wean-to-finish facility is within the limits recommended by a Brazilian norm.507511Borges, G., (2008) Utilização Da Pressão Sonora (Ruído) Como Indicativo de Bem Estar Animal Na Produção Industrial de Suínos, , Dissertação. Piracicaba: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de QueirozBorges, G., Miranda, K.O.S., Rodrigues, V.C., Risi, N., Uso da geoestatistica para avaliar a captação automática dos níveis de pressão Sonora em instalação de creche para suínos (2010) R. Eng. Agrícola, 30 (3)Sampaio, C.A.P., Nääs, I.A., Salgado, D.D., Queirós, M.P.G., Avaliação do nível de ruído em instalação para suínos (2007) R. Bras. de Eng. Agr. e Ambiental, 11 (4), pp. 436-440. , Campina Grande-PBSilva, K.O., Nääs, I.A., Tolon, Y.B., Medidas do ambiente acústico em creche de suínos (2007) R. Bras. de Eng. Agr. e Ambiental, 11 (3), pp. 339-344. , Campina Grande-P

Cardiovascular Parameters to 2 years After Kidney Transplantation Following Early Switch to Everolimus Without Calcineurin Inhibitor Therapy: An Analysis of the Randomized ELEVATE Study

Nephrolog

Mapas de zonas de risco de epidemias e zoneamento agroclimático para o Cancro Cítrico no Estado de São Paulo Maps of zones of risk epidemics and agriculture climatical zoning of the citrus canker in the State of São Paulo

O cancro cítrico, causado pela bactéria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Valterin et alii 1995, é uma doença conhecida mundialmente e sempre constituiu séria ameaça para a citricultura brasileira. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar as condições climáticas do Estado de São Paulo e desenvolver mapas de zonas de maior risco de epidemias de cancro cítrico. Foram utilizados dados meteorológicos referentes aos anos de 2002 a 2005, os quais foram baseados no modelo de previsão desenvolvido por Campbell & Madden (4) e Hau & Kranz (10). A freqüência dos dados foi horária e quando alguma estação apresentava falha, esses eram extrapolados da estação mais próxima. Foram contabilizados os índices de favorabilidade e posteriormente calculadas as porcentagens de dias favoráveis à ocorrência da doença no período de um ano. A partir destas informações, foram gerados os mapas temáticos do Estado de São Paulo, com a distribuição espacial da porcentagem de dias favoráveis à ocorrência de cancro cítrico. A região Noroeste do Estado foi a que apresentou a maior porcentagem de dias favoráveis à ocorrência de cancro cítrico.<br>The citrus canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Valterin et alii 1995, is a known disease world-wide known and it is always a serious threat for the brazilian citriculture. The objective of the present study was to analyze the climatic conditions of the State of São Paulo in order to develop zone maps of great risk for citrus canker epidemics. They had been used given meteorological referring from the years 2002 to 2005, which had been used in the model of forecast of citrus canker developed by Campbell and Madden in 1990 and Hau and Kranz in 1990. The data frequency was in hourly and when some metheorological station showed problems in the data series, these had been surpassed of the nearest station. After the accounting of the indexes had been calculated the percentages of days favorable to the occurrence of the disease in the period of one year. From this information, the thematic maps of the state of São Paulo had been generated, with the space distribution of the percentage of days favorable to the occurrence of citrus canker. The region the northwest region of the state was the one that presented the greatest percentage of days favorable to the occurrence of the disease