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The Equity Premium
Recent research on the equity risk premium has questioned the ability of historical
estimates of the risk premium to provide reliable estimates of the expected risk
premium. We calculate the equity risk premium for a number of countries over longer
horizons than has been attempted to date. We show that the realised US equity
premium is consistent with the premia obtained elsewhere. Furthermore, using well
over a century of data, we find that current estimates of the equity premia are close to
those observed during the pre-1914 era. This is of particular relevance given the
argument that the financial environment during that period bears a closer resemblance
to today than the 1914-1945 period, and possibly also the 1945-1971 period. This
points to a current equity risk premium that is considerably lower than consensus
forecasts (Welch 2001)
Universal Magnetic-Field-Driven Metal-Insulator-Metal Transformations in Graphite and Bismuth
Applied magnetic field induces metal - insulator and re-entrant
insulator-metal transitions in both graphite and rhombohedral bismuth. The
corresponding transition boundaries plotted on the magnetic field - temperature
(B - T) plane nearly coincide for these semimetals and can be best described by
power laws T ~ (B - B_c)^k, where B_c is a critical field at T = 0 and k = 0.45
+/- 0.05. We show that insulator-metal-insulator (I-M-I) transformations take
place in the Landau level quantization regime and illustrate how the IMT in
quasi-3D graphite transforms into a cascade of I-M-I transitions, related to
the quantum Hall effect in quasi-2D graphite samples. We discuss the possible
coupling of superconducting and excitonic correlations with the observed
phenomena, as well as the signatures of quantum phase transitions associated
with the M-I and I-M transformations.Comment: 23 pages including 14 figure
Useful to Usable: Developing Usable Climate Science for Agriculture
The Useful to Usable (U2U) project was a six-year research and extension project funded by the United States Department of Agriculture to provide both useful and usable climate information for the agricultural (corn) sector in the Midwestern United States. The project adopted an extensive co-production of knowledge and decision-making approach that involved intense iteration with potential end-users, including farmers and a variety of pro- fessional agricultural advisors, through focus groups and surveys, feedback at outreach events, and frequent informal interactions to develop both decision support tools and delivery mechanisms that met stakeholder needs. This overview paper for this special issue illustrates some key ways that the co-production process informed the overall project. Subsequent papers in the special issue span the different objectives of the U2U project, including social, climate, and agronomic sciences. A brief overview of these papers is pre- sented here
Generalized Farey trees, transfer Operators and phase transitions
We consider a family of Markov maps on the unit interval, interpolating
between the tent map and the Farey map. The latter map is not uniformly
expanding. Each map being composed of two fractional linear transformations,
the family generalizes many particular properties which for the case of the
Farey map have been successfully exploited in number theory. We analyze the
dynamics through the spectral analysis of generalized transfer operators.
Application of the thermodynamic formalism to the family reveals first and
second order phase transitions and unusual properties like positivity of the
interaction function.Comment: 39 pages, 10 figure
Irregular wave runup statistics on plane beaches: application of a Boussinesq-type model incorporating a generating-absorbing sponge layer and second-order wave generation
Efficient absorption of reflected waves at the offshore boundary is a prerequisite for the accurate physical or theoretical modelling of long-duration irregular wave runup statistics at uniform, gently sloped beaches. This paper presents an implementation of the method suggested by Zhang et al. (2014) to achieve reflected wave absorption and simultaneous generation and propagation of incident waves in an existing numerical wave flume incorporating a moving boundary wavemaker. A generating–absorbing layer is incorporated within this 1DH hybrid Boussinesq-nonlinear shallow water equation model such that inshore-travelling incident waves, encompassing bound-wave structure approximately correct to second order, propagate unhindered while offshore-travelling reflected waves are absorbed. Once validated, the method is used to compile random wave runup statistics on uniform beach slopes broadly representative of dissipative, intermediate, and reflective beaches. Analyses of the individual runup time series, ensemble statistics and comparison to an empirical formula based on experimental runup data suggest that the main aspects of runup observed in the field are properly represented by the model. Existence of an upper limit on maximum runup is investigated using a simple extreme-value statistical analysis. Spectral saturation is examined by considering ensemble-averaged swash spectra for three representative beach slopes subject to incident waves with two different offshore significant wave heights. All spectra show f^−4 roll-off at high frequencies in agreement with many previous field studies. The effect is also investigated of the swash motions preceding one particular extreme runup event on the eventual maximum runup elevation
Constraints on the Ultra-High Energy Neutrino Flux from Gamma-Ray Bursts from a Prototype Station of the Askaryan Radio Array
We report on a search for ultra-high-energy (UHE) neutrinos from gamma-ray
bursts (GRBs) in the data set collected by the Testbed station of the Askaryan
Radio Array (ARA) in 2011 and 2012. From 57 selected GRBs, we observed no
events that survive our cuts, which is consistent with 0.12 expected background
events. Using NeuCosmA as a numerical GRB reference emission model, we estimate
upper limits on the prompt UHE GRB neutrino fluence and quasi-diffuse flux from
to GeV. This is the first limit on the prompt UHE GRB
neutrino quasi-diffuse flux above GeV.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, Published in Astroparticle Physics Journa
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