Electron acceleration at a low-Mach-number perpendicular collisionless shock

A full particle simulation study is carried out on the electron acceleration at a collisionless, relatively low Alfven Mach number (M_A=5), perpendicular shock. Recent self-consistent hybrid shock simulations have demonstrated that the shock front of perpendicular shocks has a dynamic rippled character along the shock surface of low-Mach-number perpendicular shocks. In this paper, the effect of the rippling of perpendicular shocks on the electron acceleration is examined by means of large-scale (ion-scale) two-dimensional full particle simulations. It has been shown that a large-amplitude electric field is excited at the shock front in association with the ion-scale rippling, and that reflected ions are accelerated upstream at a localized region where the shock-normal electric field of the rippled structure is polarized upstream. The current-driven instability caused by the highly-accelerated reflected ions has a high growth rate to large-amplitude electrostatic waves. Energetic electrons are then generated by the large-amplitude electrostatic waves via electron surfing acceleration at the leading edge of the shock transition region. The present result suggests that the electron surfing acceleration is also a common feature at low-Mach-number perpendicular collisionless shocks.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, ApJ in press. The paper with full resolution images is http://theo.phys.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~ryo/papers/shock_lowM.pd

Perspective of fishers organizations integrated to coastal fisheries management: Through experiences gained in Thailand

The purpose of the discussion which follows is to clarify the roles of fishers organizations in coastal fisheries management. Even if there is much disagreement over the appraisal of fishers organizations, whatever the type of intermediary organizations will be expected to entail sharing-responsibility between government and fishers. A cooperative system is applicable to co management and community-based management regimes. Cooperative movement in Thai fisheries has not yet been mature enough to expand their activities into fisheries management. Nowadays, however, much effort has been made to create a new framework of promotion policy for fishers organizations by the Thai government. Experiences gained in Thailand will give a profound insight into a direction of fishers organization in sustainable fisheries management

Report on the Study Trip to the Malaysia of Locally Based Coastal Resource management in Pathew District, Chumporn Province (LBCRM-PD)

Purpose of the Study Trip to Malaysia 1.1) Under the ASEAN-SEAFDEC Fishing Consultative Group scheme, the SEAFDEC/Training Department(TD) and the Department of Fisheries in Thailand (DOF) have implemented a collaborative project on coastal resource management since the end of 2001. The project suite is located in Sub-district (Tambol) Pakklong, Pathew District, Chumporn Province, in the southern part of Thailand. The Chumporn Marine Fisheries Development Center (CMFDC) and TD are the major implementing involved in this project. 1.2) The LBCRM-PD has six major activities, i.e., 1) the base line survey, 2) establish and extend locally based coastal resource management (LBCRM), 3) encourage local business, 4) enhance human resource capability, 5) develop extension methodologies and strengthen the extension system, 6) rehabilitate and enhance coastal resources. 1.3) Training programs targeting the project staff are one component of Activity IV, to improve human capacity. Since the project started, TD has arranged such training courses as a "Study Trip to the Philippines", "Project Cycle Management", and other internal courses. The "Study Trip to Malaysia" is a kind of training course for members of the implementing groups who are responsible for the project activities on a daily basis

MUTUAL SUPPORT IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT FOR EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION IN ACEH BESAR, INDONESIA

On December 26, 2004, the Indian Ocean earthquake, which had its epicenter off the northern coast of Sumatra, was followed by a series of huge tsunami waves, which caused considerable damage to many coastal communities in Asia. In Indonesia, Aceh and North Sumatra suffered the greatest. Many residents rapidly lost their families, homes, fishing boats, farmland, well-being, and self-confidence. Numerous donors provided considerable support, and many victims gradually recovered. Through these tremendous efforts, the victims have gradually regained their well-being; in the over fifteen years since the tsunami, reconstruction has resulted in sustainable community development. This study aimed to determine how the victims have rebuilt their livelihoods and how communities have supported them. The fieldwork comprised interviews with key members of affected local communities in Aceh Besar District in 2006–2018. Some respondents were selected for interview and focus group discussions. This study examines the recovery process, how victims developed social relations, and how they were encouraged and developed self-confidence and independence. The results showed that for the victims, the most important factors in the reconstruction were (1) a firm relationship with family and relatives and (2) a strong sense of community. This study found that women’s activities were supported by Panglima Laot Lhok (fishing communities’ leaders), Toke Bangku (financial traders), and a fish processing association. Those actors were important for the economic, financial, and social institutions in the community. Mutual support in the community and indigenous institutions played roles in strengthening social resilience. The income-generating activities in the mutual system empowered victims—especially women—and their families. The victims developed a feeling of self-confidence and independence that has gradually increased. Through community-based activities, the victims improved their livelihoods. 

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGY ON MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING OF TIWORO ARCHIPELAGIC

Sustainable marine spatial planning in small islands requires a more comprehensive management strategy. Unsustainable use problems and issues in both land and seascape need a strategic formulation to manage Tiworo Small Island in the future. This study aimed to formulate the strategy for sustainable marine spatial planning of the Tiworo Small Islands. The rapid Appraisal for Land Use (Raplanduse) method was used to assess the sustainability and sensitivity of the attributes used in this study. The formulation of management strategies was carried out based on the levels of influence and dependence on sensitive attributes analyzed by the prospective analysis method. The results showed that the sustainable use of small islands in the Tiworo Islands varied, ranging from good, bad to less sustainable. Sensitive attributes observed in the ecological dimension were suspended solid materials and seawater surface temperature. In the social dimension, the sensitive attributes assessed were the conflict incidence among residents and human resources. Attributes observed in the economic dimension were income level, availability of business capital, and fisheries catch production. In the legal and institutional dimensions, the sensitive attributes observed were land ownership status and area zoning. Strategic management was developed based on these sensitive attributes, including increasing community adaptation capacity, controlling land-use in watershed areas in the mainland, developing business diversification, regulating spatial utilization, and improving the quality of human resources.Kompleksitas persoalan lingkungan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat di Kepulauan Tiworo menuntut adanya strategi kebijakan pengelolaan ruang yang lebih komprehensif. Isu pemanfaatan secara tidak berkelanjutan adalah faktor utama yang membutuhkan penanganan berupa formulasi strategi pengelolaan pulau kecil di Kepulauan Tiworo. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan strategi kebijakan pengelolaan ruang pulau-pulau kecil yang berkelanjutan. Metode yang digunakan untuk menilai keberlanjutan dan sensitivitas atribut adalah metode Rapid Appraisal for Land Use (Raplanduse). Strategi kebijakan pengelolaan dilakukan berdasarkan tingkat pengaruh dan ketergantungan atribut-atribut sensitif yang dianalisis dengan analisis prospektif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat keberlanjutan pemanfaatan ruang pulau-pulau kecil di Kepulauan Tiworo cukup bervariasi, mulai dari kategori baik, buruk, hingga kategori kurang berkelanjutan. Atribut sensitif dalam dimensi ekologi adalah material padatan tersuspensi, dan suhu permukaan laut. Dalam dimensi sosial atribut yang sensitif adalah kejadian konflik, dan sumber daya manusia. Dalam dimensi ekonomi adalah atribut tingkat pendapatan, ketersediaan modal usaha, dan produksi tangkapan. Dalam dimensi hukum dan kelembagaan atribut yang sensitif adalah atribut status kepemilikan lahan, dan zonasi kawasan. Kebijakan pengelolaan berdasarkan atribut-atribut sensitif tersebut meliputi peningkatan kapasitas adaptasi masyarakat, mengendalikan pemanfaatan lahan di wilayah DAS di daratan, mengembangkan diversifikasi usaha, menertibkan penggunaan ruang, dan meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia

Encouraging coastal women participation in fisheries management in Indonesia

Coastal inhabitants life cycle in some areas in Indonesia are still have concerned with traditional cultural heritage. Rapidly development next to coastal land for varieties utilization could be encouraged serious threatened for the sustainability of fisheries production. Issue related fisheries resources sustainability in Indonesia actually have long been realized by part of coastal communities, where both male and female inhabitant have always respected to keep and safe the resources. The Japanese fishermen household have used to implemented an annual coastal ceremonial, locally called Nadran. In more directly touch to resources arrangement sound are represent through the traditional communities-based related fisheries management in several areas in Indonesian water includes Panglima Laot ( Sea Commander in Aceh Province; Lubuk Larangan or Prohibited Fishing areas in North Sumatera; Lebak Lebung System in South Sumatera; Sasi in Mallucas and Macera at Tempe Lake, South Sulawesi). This paper would like to explore the coastal Women ability, condition and some constrain faced for their actively participation in fishing community development in Indonesia

Recent Trends and Challenges of Coastal Resource Management Projects in Thailand

As the stock of marine resources are showing declining trends, the marine fisheries development policy in Thailand has focused on the conservation and sustainable utilization of resources. Many projects for coastal resource management have been planned and implemented during the recent decades. The purpose of this study is to define the groups of coastal resource management projects (CRMPs) in Thailand that has been implemented by Department of Fisheries. The level of participation from fishers and their communities is the first of the criteria used to group CRMPs. There is a wide variation of participation in CRMPs. The second criteria used for defining projects is their target activities. There are various types of activities implemented for CRMP, including the provision of fisheries-related infrastructures for communities, to encourage fishers to form groups, to rehabilitate and enhance coastal resources, to raise capacity building of human resources and promote self-regulatory fishing activities. Some activities have been successful, but some have failed. The critical third criteria is the level of legal support to CRMPs, that may be classified as participation in the decision-making process, self-rule making, protecting their voluntary-based activities, and devolving authority for management at local level. By using these criteria to group CRMPs, the study will illustrate models on CRMP and forecast a future direction of policy for coastal resource management. To achieve the effectiveness of coastal resource management, government should not only implement projects with clear understanding and full participation from fishers and their communities, but also support a legal framework for their activities.Keywords: Trends and challenges, Fisheries Management for Coastal Fisheries, Target activities, Defining criteria, Legal support for local management, Participatory approach, Coastal resource management project, Fisheries EconomicsKeywords: Trends and challenges, Fisheries Management for Coastal Fisheries, Target activities, Defining criteria, Legal support for local management, Participatory approach, Coastal resource management project, Fisheries Economic

Two-dimensional full particle simulation of a perpendicular collisionless shock with a shock-rest-frame model

A two-dimensional (2D) shock-rest-frame model for particle simulations is developed. Then full kinetic dynamics of a perpendicular collisionless shock is examined by means of a 2D full particle simulation. We found that in the 2D simulation there are fewer nonthermal electrons due to surfing acceleration which was seen in the previous 1D simulations of a high Mach number perpendicular shock in a low-beta and weakly magnetized plasma. This is because the particle motion along the ambient magnetic field disturbs the formation of coherent electrostatic solitary structures which is necessary for electron surfing acceleration.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, ApJL in press. The paper with full resolution images is http://theo.phys.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~ryo/papers/shock_rest_2D.pd

How Community Partnerships Create Capital? Social Capital, Donor Dependency and Rehabilitation Efforts of the Tsunami Affected Fishing Communities

The paper empirically illustrates the social capital status of the tsunami resettlements and its impact on donor dependency. After five years of Indian Ocean tsunami, study investigates the resettled fishing communities in eastern coast of Sri Lanka. Sample composed of 200 fishing families resettled in new locations but not in their original places. Cluster sampling technique was adopted to select the fishing families and interviewer administered; pre-tested questionnaires and focus group discussions were implemented to collect the data. Results revealed that fishing communities are multi ethnic and multi religious in nature and Tamils and Muslims were the dominant groups. Tsunami as well as new re-settlement schemes in new locations were destroyed the generations old community bonds. Conflicts were the common feature among re-settlers and existing villagers in new locations and social workers and administrators have to work hard to create new ties among them. Fishers were categorized into 3 groups (high, medium and low) based on their level of social capital. Resettlements having high level of social capital were less donor dependent compared to low levels of social capital. The main features of the high social capital re-settlements were family composition and occupation were similar to old establishment. Moreover, re-settlements with disturbed old village mechanism and fishers mixed with other occupancies showed low level of social capital and high donor dependency.Keywords: Fisheries and Coastal Zone Management, Fishery Management, Fisheries Economic