The Proportion of Female Physician Links With Advanced Educational Opportunity for Female and by Female

Background: The overall proportion of female physician is increasing worldwide. However, its ratio exhibits a substantial diversity among each member country of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). This study aimed to reveal the social factors of countries associated with the percentage of female physicians.Methods: We retrieved the percentage of female physicians and social characteristic which may affect the ratio of female physicians of 36 OECD countries in 2016 or nearest year from the World Bank Open Data. Multivariate regression analysis was performed after univariate evaluations with Spearman’s coefficient to explore correlation of social variables with the proportion of female physicians.Results: The percentages of female adolescents who dropped out of school before lower secondary school, female population that attained or completed Master’s or equivalent degree, female labour force, and female academic staff in tertiary education showed statistically significant correlation with proportion of female physicians (Spearman coefficient = -0.527, 0.585, 0.501, and 0.499; P = .01, .001, .002, and .008). Female’s educational attainment at least Master’s or equivalent and that of female academic staff at tertiary education were selected after multivariate analysis.Conclusion: Our study revealed the relationships between advanced education opportunity and female participation in academic positions with the percentage of female physicians. Our research is limited in the difficulty to evaluate physicians’ working hours in spite of its possible effect. Further studies with qualitative assessment are warranted to explore the detail reasons to cause gender gap in physician

Pengaruh Kandungan Lemak Dan Energi Yang Berbeda Dalam Pakan Terhadap Pemanfaatan Pakan Dan Pertumbuhan Patin (Pangasius Pangasius)

Pakan merupakan faktor terpenting dalam menunjang pertumbuhan dan perkembangan dalam kegiatan budidaya ikan, didalam pakan harus mengandung nutrisi yang lengkap. Penggunaan lemak dalam pakan sangat penting dalam menunjang pertumbuhan, karena lemak merupakan sumber energi yang memiliki nilai cukup tinggi dibanding protein dan karbohidrat. Pengunaan lemak sebagai “Protein sparing effect” yaitu pengganti protein sebagai sumber energi, sehingga penggunaan energi yang berasal dari protein dapat digunakan untuk menunjang pertumbuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kandungan lemak dan energi yang berbeda dalam pakan terhadap pemanfaatan pakan dan pertumbuhan patin (P. pangasius).Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah metode eksperimen dengan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dan 3 kali ulangan. Perlakuan yang diterapkan adalah perbedaan kandungan lemak dan energi antara lain pada perlakuan A (8%, 281,98 kkal); B (9%, 286,74 kkal); C (10%, 289,45 kkal); dan D (11%, 296,21 kkal). Ikan uji yang digunakan adalah patin (Pangasius pangasius) yang berasal dari Banjarnegara, Jawa Tengah. Ikan uji yang digunakan dengan bobot rata-rata 6,48±0,68 g/ekor, dengan padat tebar 1 ekor/liter. Pakan diberikan 3 kali dalam sehari yaitu pada sekitar pukul 08.00 WIB, pukul 12.00 WIB, dan pukul 16.00 WIB. Pemberian pakan diberikan secara at satiation.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kandungan lemak dan energi yang berbeda dalam pakan buatan, memberikan pengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap EPP, PER, dan RGR pada patin (P. pangasius), sedangkan pada variabel TKP dan SR tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata (P>0,05). Perlakuan D diperoleh hasil tertinggi dengan nilai TKP (25,27±0,06g), EPP (54,62±0,93%), PER (1,82±0,03%), RGR (0,75±0,02%/hari), dan SR (95,83%).Kandungan lemak dan energi yang berbeda dalam pakan, memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap EPP, PER, dan RGR; tetapi tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap TKP dan SR patin (P. pangasius). Feed played an important role in fish farming and therefor, it should contain complete nutrition. The use of fat in fish diet was required for energy supply and producing of growth. The fat was used to subtitute energy source from protein, so the use of protein for fish growth can be optimaled. This study was aimed to observe the influence of different fat and energy on the feed utilization and growth of P. pangasius.The experimental method used was completely randomized design, which consisted of 4 treatments and 3 replicats, that were trial diets with ratio of treatment A (8%, 281.98 kkal); B (9%, 286.74 kkal); C (10%, 289.45 kkal); dan D (11%, 296.21 kkal) respectively. The ratio of vegetable oil : animal oil was equal. The fish used was P. pangasius, which was quired from Banjarnegara, Central Java. It\u27s average body weight of 6.48±0.68 g. The fish was maintenance in 8 l-tanks for 35 days. with a stocking density of 1 fish/l. The fish were feed 3 times a day, at 08.00, 12.00, and 16.00 by appliying at satiation method.The fish fed on resulted on dietary of different fat and energy on the feed on values significantly different (P<0.05) on the EPP, PER and RGR. But for feed in TKP and SR values (P>0.05). TKP value (25.27±0.06g) EPP (54.62±0.93%) , PER (1.82±0.03%) , RGR (0.75±0.02%/day), and SR (95.83%).It was concluded that the influence of different fat and energy on the feed utilization and growth of pangasius in feed significantly effect on, EPP, PER, and RGR while for TKP and SR where not significantly different

Safety of SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 Vaccine in Elderly Patients from Japan - A Preliminary Assessment and A Call on Careful Pharmacovigilance

Vaccines are efficacious, effective and safe measures to control COVID-19. Despite phase 3 and 4 studies, some concerns should be addressed in certain populations regarding its specific vaccine safety. One of them is the safety of the elderly. The majority of enrollees in clinical studies on COVID-19 vaccines have been young to middle-aged individuals, with few exceptions

Safety of SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 Vaccine in Elderly Patients from Japan - A Preliminary Assessment and A Call on Careful Pharmacovigilance

Vaccines are efficacious, effective and safe measures to control COVID-19. Despite phase 3 and 4 studies, some concerns should be addressed in certain populations regarding its specific vaccine safety. One of them is the safety of the elderly. The majority of enrollees in clinical studies on COVID-19 vaccines have been young to middle-aged individuals, with few exceptions

Development of early neutropenic fever, with or without bacterial infection, is still a significant complication after reduced-intensity stem cell transplantation

AbstractLittle information is available on the clinical characteristics of infectious complications that occur in the early period after reduced-intensity stem cell transplantation (RIST). We retrospectively investigated the clinical features of neutropenic fever and infectious episodes within 30 days after RIST in 76 patients who had received fluoroquinolones as part of their antibacterial prophylaxis. Preparative regimens included cladribine 0.66 mg/kg or fludarabine 180 mg/m2 plus busulfan 8 mg/kg. All but 1 patient survived 30 days after transplantation, and 75 patients (99%) became neutropenic within a median duration of 9 days. Neutropenic fever was observed in 29 patients (38%), and bacterial infection was confirmed in 15 (20%) of these, including bacteremia (n = 13), bacteremia plus pneumonia (n = 1), and urinary tract infection (n = 1). The causative organisms were gram-positive (n = 9) and gram-negative organisms (n = 7), with a mortality rate of 6%. Neither viral nor fungal infection was documented. Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of neutropenia at the initiation of preparative regimens was an independent risk factor for subsequent documented bacterial infections (P = .026; 95% confidence interval, 1.25–35.1). We conclude that neutropenic fever and bacteremia remain common complications in RIST

Sociodemographic patterning of long-term diabetes mellitus control following Japan's 3.11 triple disaster:A retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE: To assess the sociodemographic patterning of changes in glycaemic control of patients with diabetes affected by the 2011 triple disaster in Japan (earthquake, tsunami and nuclear accident). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was undertaken with 404 patients with diabetes at a public hospital in Minamisoma City, Fukushima Prefecture. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured in 2010, 2011 and 2012 to capture changes in glycaemic control postdisaster. Age, sex, urban/rural residency, evacuation status and medication use were also assessed. RESULTS: There was an overall deterioration in glycaemic control after the disaster, with the mean HbA1c rising from 6.77% in 2010 to 6.90% in 2012 (National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program, NGSP). Rural residency was associated with a lower likelihood of deteriorating control (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.84), compared with urban residency. Older age (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.98) was also slightly protective against increased HbA1c. Evacuation and sex were not significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with diabetes who were affected by Japan's triple disaster experienced a deterioration in their glycaemic control following the disasters. The extent of this deterioration was mediated by sociodemographic factors, with rural residence and older age protective against the effects of the disaster on glycaemic control. These results may be indicative of underlying social determinants of health in rural Japan

Age, gender, will, and use of home-visit nursing care are critical factors in home care for malignant diseases; a retrospective study involving 346 patients in Japan

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We aimed to clarify the factors affecting outcomes of home care for patients with malignant diseases.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Of 607 patients who were treated in 10 clinics specialized in home care between January and December 2007 at Chiba, Fukuoka, Iwate, Kagoshima, Tochigi and Tokyo prefectures across Japan, 346 (57%; 145 men and 201 women) had malignant diseases. We collected information on medical and social backgrounds, details of home care, and its outcomes based on their medical records.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Median age of the patients was 77 years (range, 11-102), and 335 patients were economically self-sufficient. Their general condition was poor; advanced cancer (n = 308), performance status of 3-4 (n = 261), and dementia (n = 121). At the beginning of home care, 143 patients and 174 family members expressed their wish to die at home. All the patients received supportive treatments including fluid replacement and oxygenation. Median duration of home care was 47 days (range, 0-2,712). 224 patients died at home. For the remaining 122, home care was terminated due to complications (n = 109), change of attending physicians (n = 8), and others (n = 5). The factors which inhibited the continuity of home care were the non-use of home-visit nursing care (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-3.00, <it>p </it>= 0.03), the fact that the patients themselves do not wish to die at home (HR = 1.83, CI: 1.09-3.07, <it>p </it>= 0.02), women (HR = 1.81, CI: 1.11-2.94, <it>p </it>= 0.02), and age (HR = 0.98, CI: 0.97-1.00, <it>p </it>= 0.02).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Continuation of home care is influenced by patients' age, gender, will, and use of home-visit nursing.</p