In vitro anti-parasitic activities of Pulicaria dysenterica and Lycopus europaeus methanolic extracts against Trichomonas gallinae

Introduction: Trichomonas gallinae is the causative agent of trichomoniasis in birds. Although metronidazole is now the drug of choice for treatment of this infection, several studies reported metronidazole-resistant strains of T. gallinae. So it is important to explore for effective alternative compounds such as herbal extracts for treatment of avian trichomoniasis. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of methanolic extracts of Pulicaria dysenteric and Lycopus europaeus on the growth of T. gallinae trophozoites. Methods: The methanolic extracts were obtained from aerial parts of plants. The anti-trichomonas activities of P. dysenterica at the concentrations of 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/mL and L. europaeus at the concentrations of 227, 113.5, 56.75, 28.37, 14.1 and 7.09 mg/ mL after 0, 1, 3, and 6 hours exposure time were evaluated. Results: The results showed that both extracts decreased the viability of T. gallinae. The methanolic extract of P. dysenteric and L. europaeus showed 10% and 60% growth inhibition (GI %) at the highest concentration immediately after exposure. P. dysenteric methanolic extract at a concentration of 6.25 mg/mL completely inhibited the growth of parasite after 6 hours which was the minimum inhibitory concentration, while the lowest concentration of L. europaeus extract that showed 100% GI was 28.37 mg/mL that affected trophozoites after 6 hours. Conclusion: Based on the results, both extracts revealed significant growth inhibitory effect on T. gallinae, suggesting the potential use of these plants in preparation of new anti-trichomonas compounds

Pattern of animal bites and factors associated with delay in post-exposure prophylaxis in bitten people

BACKGROUND: Since the epidemiology of animal bites and the relevant factors in post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) are of great significance for preventing the deaths resulting from rabies and controlling the rabies disease, the main purpose of the current study is to account for the patterns of animal bites and factors associated with delay in PEP in bitten people.METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on all animal bites cases in Khaf city, Khorasan Razavi province, Iran, and included 553 cases of animal bites recorded from March 2014 to February 2016 in the healthcare centers. Chi-square test (or Fisher’s exact test) was used to identify the factors associated with delays in PEP.RESULTS: Results indicated that majority of the cases with animal bites were men (79.7%) aged from 21 to 60 years (48.5%). Due to the type of animal bites in all ages, the damages caused by dogs (85.2%) were greater than the damages caused by cats (9%) and other domestic or wild animals (5.8%). The frequency of delay in treatment was 14.4% in women and 5.2% in men (P = 0.002). The frequency of treatment delay in housewives (18.6%) and children under 6 years old (6.3%) was greater than that in other occupations (P = 0.003).CONCLUSION: According to the current study's results, individuals’ gender and occupation are among the main factors associated with delay in PEP. Therefore, identifying factors related to delay in treatment and providing people with the necessary education by health personnel are of considerable significance in prevention of unpleasant consequences of animal bites

The relationship between the characteristics of Biochar produced at different temperatures and its impact on the uptake of NO3--N

Background: Nitrogen leaching from agricultural lands is a major threat to groundwater and surface waters. This study investigated the relationship between the characteristics of wheat-straw biochar produced at different temperatures and its impact on the uptake of NO3--N. Methods: Three types of biochar were produced from wheat straw at three different pyrolysis temperatures of 300, 400 and 500°C, and sampling was done 3 times for each biochar. Physical and chemical characteristics of biochar were determined using a variety of methods including specific surface with methylene blue adsorption method, and elemental content with elemental analyzer, and water solubility with standard ASTM (D5029-28) method. Statistical analysis was performed using Freundlich and Langmuir models. Nitrate concentration was measured using a UV-V spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 500 nm. Results: It was indicated that with an increase in biochar pyrolysis temperature from 300 to 500°C, the hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in the biochar were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) while the carbon content, surface area, density and water solubility in biochar (P < 0.05) were increased. The results also showed that the maximum nitrate adsorptive capacity of the three types of biochar occurred at pH=6 and contact time of 120 minutes. With increasing the temperature of biochar preparation, the efficiency of biochar nitrate adsorption increased significantly. Conclusion: The present study shows that pyrolysis temperature greatly influences the biochar chemical and physical characteristics, and subsequently nitrate adsorption ability of the biochars. The wheat straw biochar, which is produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 500°C, has the highest adsorption capacity for nitrate. Keywords: Biochar, Nitrates, Adsorptio

Failures to Cure and Diagnose Cervical Cancer

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in developing countries and the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Using the screening test, cancer can be detected in the early stages and, thus, mortality will be reduced. Also, the early detection of cervical cancer could affect survival rate and time. But, the diagnostic and therapeutic methods of this disease are usually accompanied by errors that deduct the success rate.Methods: In this study, a variety of common errors in the detection and treatment of cervical cancer were investigated by reviewing and evaluating scientific resources.Results: Studies show the different medical failures during sampling, preparation, review, and interpretation of the sample. On the other hand, inappropriate operation and errors in the treatment pathway are common errors after diagnosis. Because of the types of these errors, preparing the information of papers investigating the possible types of errors and observing accuracy will play a significant role in reducing the failures.Conclusion: Because of the fact that cervical cancer is fully curable with proper and timely diagnosis, the early diagnosis is important and it is the responsibility of doctors, pathologists, and surgeons in this area. Therefore, monitoring and preventing errors in the diagnosis and treatment is directly associated with a reduction in the mortality rate of the disease

A study on the application rate of CSF test (cerebro spinal fluid) in diagnosing accute bacterial meningitis in infants and children under 5 years old in Tajrish shohada and Tehran mofid hospitals during 2005

Studying CSF (cerebro spinal fluid) is a simple and fast measure for diagnosing meningitis in children. For this reason, LP [umbar puncture] is used to treat csf.  Regarding the side effects of LP, we decided to determine the positive points observed in the patients’ files than total patients confined to bed in our selected population. In this study conducted by descriptive retrospective method, the records of 1705 infants and children suspected to meningitis, confined in Tajrish Shohada and Tehran Mofid Hospitals for LP test, were investigated. Data collected from these cases were statistically analyzed. Studies indicated that in 93.7% of infants and children tested by LP as well as csf tested, the results were negative, therefore due to the fact that LP is considered as a risky method for children, performing a test doesn’t seem necessary in most cases. Results of this study also indicated that maximum rate of infection was among males and occurred in autumn

Epidemiological and clinical features of human brucellosis

BACKGROUND: Human brucellosis is an infectious disease and a global issue. Animal sources of brucellosis can contribute to the occurrence of disease in human population. Regarding high incidence of brucellosis in Khaf, Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran, this study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and clinical features of this disease.METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. We reviewed all reports in Health Network of Khaf related to patients diagnosed with brucellosis in the period of 2014-2016. We analyzed data using SPSS software and descriptive statistics (frequency and percentages)RESULTS: Patients’ mean age was 32.00 + 17.23 years, 51.5% of patients were male, 89.5% of them had animal contact, and more than 90.0% of patients had consumed dairy products. According to serological reports, the Wright test showed that the titer of antibody was 1:160 in 35.4% of patients and 1:320 in 27.7% of them. The 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME) test showed that the titer of antibody was 1:80 in 30.0% of patients and 1:160 in 23.8% of them.CONCLUSION: This study revealed a high incidence of brucellosis among young adults and consumers of unpasteurized dairy products. Therefore, it seems to be necessary to develop preventive strategies and educational programs to reduce the incidence of brucellosis

The Relationship between Orotracheal Intubation Difficulty Scoring Systems and Anthropometric Factors

Introduction: Although rare, but it is very important to understand that intubation will be difficult for which of the patients. Some scoring systems are available in this regard that influenced by many factors such as body anthropometric factors.&nbsp;Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between Mallampati score, biting the upper lip as well as 2-3-3 maneuver with body anthropometric factors in different population of society.&nbsp;Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted during the years 2014-2015 in Yazd, Iran. The subjects using simple randomized sampling method, and they were included in study after obtaining their informed consent. Demographic (age and gender) as well as anthropometric parameters of body, including weight, height, neck, waist circumference, hip circumference, body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were collected in a pre-prepared checklist. Then, Mallampati score, biting the upper lip score, maneuver 2-3-3 were examined and calculated by researchers. The results of these examinations were recorded for each person in checklist.&nbsp;Results: In this study, 498 people with mean age of 42.1 ± 16.1 were enrolled (51% female). Based on results of this study, although all three methods significantly correlated with age but none had any relation with gender. Significant relationship was found between upper lip biting and Mallampati score and all body anthropometric factors evaluated in this study (p &lt; 0.05). By increasing the mean of these factors, Mallampati score increases, while this relationship is reverse in the case of height. In addition, significant correlation was found between maneuver 2-3-3 and weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference and BMI, while it showed no correlation with neck circumference (p = 0.328) and WHR (p = 0.121).&nbsp;Conclusion: Based on findings of current study, it is likely that upper lip biting test and Mallampati score have significant relation with all body anthropometric factors evaluated in this study. But maneuver 2-3-3 has no correlation with neck circumference and WHR

Hyperinsulinemic Euglycemia Therapy for Acute Nitroglycerin Poisoning: Case Report

Nitroglycerin, a vasodilator, is commonly administered to treat ischemic heart disease. Adverse effects after toxicity are light-headedness, nausea, blurry vision, and syncope due to low systolic blood pressure as well as methemoglobinemia. A 19-year-old female was admitted to our toxicology department after suicidal ingestion of 320 mg extended-release nitroglycerin about 45 minutes before the admission. She was conscious, and her initial blood pressure was 98/65 mm Hg, which was decreased to 77 mmHg within 1.5 hours despite administration of 1 liter of normal saline. Due to severe hypotension, norepinephrine infusion was started for systolic blood pressure maintenance above 80mm Hg; however, she started complaining of palpitation and chest pain. So, the dose of norepinephrine was reduced, and glucose, insulin, and potassium protocol were started. After 3 hours of therapy, her hemodynamic condition stabilized with systolic blood pressure above 90mm Hg; hence norepinephrine was discontinued. She was discharged on the 3rd day after the psychiatric consultation, with regular clinical and paraclinical examinations

Students' Conception about the Relation of Mathematics to Real-Life

Present paper has studied the conceptions of high school students about mathematical relations to the real life in the three strands; mathematics, experimental science and humanities. Regard to this research, research methodology was survey. Consequently 780 girl high school students are chosen via multi-steps cluster sampling method randomly. Questionnaire forms are applied in four parts as research instrumentation. Data are analyzed thereby descriptive and inferential statistics for further analysis as a result of the process that is demonstrated via one-sample sign test in order to collect and analyze of students' responses regard to self-conception about mathematics in real-life. Accord to the findings and results, it seems that students believed that the generalization of mathematics to the real life is surprisingly insufficiency. These views and responses are indicated that it necessaries to modify the textbooks and curriculums in terms of mathematics development and students' needs in real-life. Also teachers have to spend the special courses for this important