The Use Of Computer Mediated Communication In Consumer Complaining: A Study In Higher Education

The electronic channel for consumer complaining has increased dramatically in recent years and continued growth is expected in the future. The objective of this research was to explore how computer-mediated communication is being used as a channel for complaining in higher education. A study was conducted of the complaint intentions of 222 students at one college in the eastern half of the United States.  Four complaining dimensions were studied:  Voice, Negative Word-of-Mouth, Third Party, and Exit.  The results indicated that the most common behavioral intentions are: Complain to other students face-to-face, complain to the professor in office, and never take another class from the professor. The research findings also indicate the number of students who are likely to use computer-mediated communication to complain. In addition, the results show strong correlations between computer-mediated complaining and other complaining responses

Thought Processes College Students Use When Evaluating Faculty: A Qualitative Study

This study explores the thought processes college students use when answering survey questions on standardized course/faculty evaluations.   Thought processes are categorized as: System One or System Two, based on the framework developed by Kahneman (2003) and Stanovich and West (2000). System One processes are typically hurried, superficial, effortless, and charged with emotions. System Two processes are considered to be slower, more deliberate, thoughtful evaluations. Results from eight focus group discussions are provided.  Student responses were categorized according to their adherence to System One or System Two cognitive processing. In total, 59% of the student responses were categorized as System One. Implications for faculty and higher education administrators are presented

Financially At-Risk College Students: An Exploratory Investigation of Student Loan Debt and Prioritization of Debt Repayment

College students today face heavy student loan debt that is intensified by the amount of credit card debt they carry. This study provides a profile of financially at-risk students based on their credit card usage behavior. When compared to the non-financially at-risk students, those in the financially at-risk group were found to have higher student loan balances, both currently and expected at graduation. In addition, if forced to prioritize debt repayment after graduation, students in the financially at-risk group indicated they would pay their credit card bills before making their student loan payments

Psychosocial Adjustment During Pregnancy: The Experience of Mature Gravidas

To determine if gravidas ages 35 years and older have greater conflict in adapting to pregnancy than do younger gravidas. Design : Static group comparison. Setting : Prenatal care facilities and prenatal education classes. Participants : Sixty-four older gravidas (35 years and older) and 46 younger gravidas (32 years and younger) who were in their 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Main Outcome Measure : Lederman Prenatal Self-Evaluation Questionnaire II, which contains seven scales measuring conflict in psychosocial tasks during pregnancy. Results : Older gravidas had significantly less fear of helplessness and loss of control in labor than did younger gravidas. Age and education but not parity may account for this finding. Conclusions : Age and education may balance the additional concerns older gravidas may have about pregnancy and allow older gravidas to adjust to pregnancy as well as younger women do.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73870/1/j.1552-6909.1997.tb02134.x.pd

A randomised phase I study of etrolizumab (rhuMAb β7) in moderate to severe ulcerative colitis.

ObjectiveEtrolizumab (rhuMAb β7, anti-β7, PRO145223) is a humanised monoclonal antibody targeting the β7 subunit of the heterodimeric integrins α4β7 and αEβ7, which are implicated in leucocyte migration and retention in ulcerative colitis (UC). This randomised phase I study evaluated the safety and pharmacology of etrolizumab in patients with moderate to severe UC.DesignIn the single ascending dose (SAD) stage, etrolizumab (0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10 mg/kg intravenous, 3.0 mg/kg subcutaneous (SC) or placebo) was administered 4:1 (n=25) in each cohort. In the multiple dose (MD) stage, new patients received monthly etrolizumab (0.5 mg/kg SC (n=4), 1.5 mg/kg SC (n=5), 3.0 mg/kg SC (n=4), 4.0 mg/kg intravenous (n=5)) or placebo (n=5). The pharmacokinetics was studied and Mayo Clinic Score evaluated at baseline, day 29 (SAD), and days 43 and 71 (MD).ResultsIn the SAD stage, there were no dose limiting toxicities, infusion or injection site reactions. Two impaired wound healing serious adverse events occurred in two patients receiving etrolizumab. In the MD stage, there were no dose limiting toxicities, and no infusion or injection site reactions. Headache was the most common adverse event, occurring more often in etrolizumab patients. Antietrolizumab antibodies were detected in two subjects. The duration of β7 receptor full occupancy was dose related. A clinical response was observed in 12/18 patients, and clinical remission in 3/18 patients treated with etrolizumab in the MD stage, compared with 4/5 and 1/5 placebo patients, respectively.ConclusionEtrolizumab is well tolerated in moderate to severe UC. Further investigation is warranted

Zebulon, Wake County : a community diagnosis including secondary data analysis and qualitative data collection

This document was created to identify and clarify points of interest and concern that are of significance to community members of Zebulon, North Carolina. The document is divided into two main sections. The first is a compilation of secondary data collected for Zebulon, and when possible, for Wake County and the State of North Carolina to use as comparisons. The second section addresses various topics brought to light during interviews with both community members and service providers within the Town. In essence, this document examines the congruence and differences between secondary data and the community’s perceptions concerning various topics of interest. Over the course of the interviewing process, many members of the Zebulon community shared their thoughts, beliefs, and experiences to help illuminate the most salient issues. The subsequent characteristics were identified as some of the most important, and hence, contributed greatly to the completion of this document: Community Characteristics: The small town of Zebulon is known as “The Town of Friendly People” and does a great deal to live up to its name. Many of the Town residents have lived there for a long period of time. Consequently, many residents enjoy familiarity with one another, close family ties, and a sense of history and community in the area. There is widespread community support within the Town from both individuals and community organizations such as churches, civic groups, and service agencies. Although Zebulon is a rural town, it now faces some issues more typical of urban centers. These issues are rapid and expansive growth, ethnic and language diversity within the population, public housing, increased crime and drugs, and growing industry and commercialization. The rapid change and growth that Zebulon has experienced in the last several years brings with it many needs and challenges, many demanding the attention of the Town and County governments. There is significant interest among residents and Town officials in handling the change and growth in Zebulon, especially concerning meeting the needs of the community through the provision, improvement, and assurance of services. Directions and Challenges: Zebulon is in the midst of a period of growth and change that the Town never before experienced. The recent annexation of Wakefield is an example of the community’s expansion, and one that illustrates some of the concerns facing Town Hall. The addition of more people means an increase in need for existing services and perhaps the development of new services. While growth is a welcomed sight for some members of Zebulon, many see it as a movement away from the traditionally held values and familiarity that come from living in a small town. The adjustment period has already started for some individuals in the community, but many steps have yet to be taken to make the Town accessible to everyone who calls it home. Several of the churches and civic organizations have offered their services to help new members to the community feel welcome, namely the growing Hispanic population. In addition, the new police chief has made a commitment to actively involving the police department in the community, thus showing one example of how the Town and its residents can work together to make Zebulon a better place for everyone. As continued growth and change face the Town, community members and service providers are preparing to address the challenges these bring. Many of the people interviewed have strong feelings and opinions about their Town and the direction in which it is moving. The greatest endeavor for Zebulon may focus on communication among Town officials, services providers, and community members to ensure a future that benefits all living and working within Zebulon.Master of Public Healt

αEβ7 Integrin Identifies Subsets of Pro-Inflammatory Colonic CD4+ T Lymphocytes in Ulcerative Colitis.

Background and Aims The αEβ7 integrin is crucial for retention of T lymphocytes at mucosal surfaces through its interaction with E-cadherin. Pathogenic or protective functions of these cells during human intestinal inflammation, such as ulcerative colitis [UC], have not previously been defined, with understanding largely derived from animal model data. Defining this phenotype in human samples is important for understanding UC pathogenesis and is of translational importance for therapeutic targeting of αEβ7-E-cadherin interactions. Methods αEβ7+ and αEβ7- colonic T cell localization, inflammatory cytokine production and expression of regulatory T cell-associated markers were evaluated in cohorts of control subjects and patients with active UC by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and real-time PCR of FACS-purified cell populations. Results CD4+αEβ7+ T lymphocytes from both healthy controls and UC patients had lower expression of regulatory T cell-associated genes, including FOXP3, IL-10, CTLA-4 and ICOS in comparison with CD4+αEβ7- T lymphocytes. In UC, CD4+αEβ7+ lymphocytes expressed higher levels of IFNγ and TNFα in comparison with CD4+αEβ7- lymphocytes. Additionally the CD4+αEβ7+ subset was enriched for Th17 cells and the recently described Th17/Th1 subset co-expressing both IL-17A and IFNγ, both of which were found at higher frequencies in UC compared to control. Conclusion αEβ7 integrin expression on human colonic CD4+ T cells was associated with increased production of pro-inflammatory Th1, Th17 and Th17/Th1 cytokines, with reduced expression of regulatory T cell-associated markers. These data suggest colonic CD4+αEβ7+ T cells are pro-inflammatory and may play a role in UC pathobiology

Novel Eurasian Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H5 Viruses in Wild Birds, Washington, USA, 2014

The novel Eurasian lineage clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) virus (http://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/h5_nomenclature_clade2344/en/) spread rapidly and globally during 2014, substantially affecting poultry populations. The first outbreaks were reported during January 2014 in chickens and domestic ducks in South Korea and subsequently in China and Japan (1–4), reaching Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom by November 2014 and Italy in early December 2014 (5). Also in November 2014, a novel HPAI H5N2 virus was reported in outbreaks on chicken and turkey farms in Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada (5). This H5N2 influenza virus is a reassortant that contains the Eurasian clade 2.3.4.4 H5 plus 4 other Eurasian genes (polymerase acidic protein subunit, matrix protein, polymerase basic protein subunit [PB] 2, nonstructural protein) and 3 North American wild bird lineage genes (neuraminidase [NA], nucleoprotein, PB1) (5). Taiwan has recently reported novel reassortants of the H5 clade 2.3.4.4 with other Eurasian viruses (H5N2, H5N3)

Naturally p-hydroxybenzoylated lignins in palms

The industrial production of palm oil concurrently generates a substantial amount of empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers that could be used as a feedstock in a lignocellulose-based biorefinery. Lignin byproducts generated by this process may offer opportunities for the isolation of value-added products, such as p-hydroxybenzoate (pBz), to help offset operating costs. Analysis of the EFB lignin by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy clearly revealed the presence of bound acetate and pBz, with saponification revealing that 1.1 wt% of the EFB was pBz; with a lignin content of 22.7 %, 4.8 % of the lignin is pBz that can be obtained as a pure component for use as a chemical feedstock. Analysis of EFB lignin by NMR and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) showed that pBz selectively acylates the γ-hydroxyl group of S units. This selectivity suggests that pBz, analogously with acetate in kenaf, p-coumarate in grasses, and ferulate in a transgenic poplar augmented with a feruloyl-CoA monolignol transferase (FMT), is incorporated into the growing lignin chain via its γ-p-hydroxybenzoylated monolignol conjugate. Involvement of such conjugates in palm lignification is proven by the observation of novel p-hydroxybenzoylated non-resinol β–β-coupled units in the lignins. Together, the data implicate the existence of p-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA:monolignol transferases that are involved in lignification in the various willows (Salix spp.), poplars and aspen (Populus spp., family Salicaceae), and palms (family Arecaceae) that have p-hydroxybenzoylated lignins. Even without enhancing the levels by breeding or genetic engineering, current palm oil EFB ‘wastes’ should be able to generate a sizeable stream of p-hydroxybenzoic acid that offers opportunities for the development of value-added products derived from the oil palm industry