Effects of diets based on hydrolyzed chicken liver and different protein concentrations on the formation and deamination of biogenic amines and total antioxidant capacity of dogs

Biogenic amines are synthesized through the bacterial decarboxylation of amino acids, commonly found in high levels in animal by-product meals due to spoilage. Furthermore, biogenic amines and other metabolites can be produced by the fermentation of proteins in the hindgut according to the protein source and concentration of crude protein (CP) in the diet. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate two protein sources (poultry by-product meal (PBPM) and hydrolyzed chicken liver powder (HCLP)) and three CP concentrations (24, 32, and 40%) and their effects on the consumption and fecal excretion of biogenic amines, plasma monoamine oxidase (MAO) and diamine oxidase (DAO) activities, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of healthy adult dogs after 30 days of feeding the experimental diets. Twelve dogs were randomly distributed into six treatments (n = 6/treatment): PBPM24 (PBPM with 24% CP); PBPM32 (PBPM with 32% CP); PBPM40 (PBPM with 40% CP); HCLP24 (HCLP with 24% CP); HCLP32 (HCLP with 32% CP); HCLP40 (HCLP with 40% CP). The PBPM and PBPM-based diets had higher concentrations of putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, histamine, agmatine, and total biogenic amines. In contrast, HCLP and HCLP-based diets contained higher concentrations of spermidine, phenylethylamine, and spermine. The PBPM and PBPM-diets had higher biogenic amine index (BAI) indicating lower quality due to the high content of putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine. Dogs fed diets with PBPM and higher protein concentrations consumed more putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, agmatine, and total amines (p < 0.0001), while dogs fed with HCLP consumed more spermidine, phenylethylamine, and spermine (p < 0.0001). Fecal excretion of phenylethylamine was greater in dogs fed HCLP32 and HCLP40 diets (p = 0.045). Although we did not evaluate the intestinal activities of MAO and DAO, our results suggest that healthy adult dogs have an efficient deamination process on the gut epithelium

How efficacious is the combination of substitute bone graft with autogenous bone graft in comparison with substitute bone graft alone in the horizontal bone gain? A systematic review and meta-analysis

A systematic review (SR) was conducted to answer the following focused question based on PICO strategy: In patients who were submitted to horizontal guided bone regeneration, ?how efficacious is the combination of substitute bone graft with autogenous bo

ANÁLISE DA SEQUÊNCIA DE AMINOÁCIDOS DA NEURAMINIDASE DOS VÍRUS INFLUENZA A H1N1PDM09 CIRCULANTES NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL ENTRE 2009 E 2012

A gripe é uma doença infecciosa epidêmica aguda causada pelo vírus da influenza e que ocorre em aves e mamíferos, incluindo o homem. A mais recente pandemia de gripe humana foi causada pelo vírus influenza A H1N1pdm09 com mais de 30.000 casos confirmados no Brasil. No Rio Grande do Sul (RS), 3.585 casos foram positivos em 2009 (298 óbitos), 108 em 2011(13 óbitos) e 517 em 2012 (66 óbitos). A evolução dos vírus influenza ocorre devido a mutações no genoma com consequentes variações antigênicas das sequências das proteínas hemaglutinina (HA) e neuraminidase (NA). O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a diversidade das sequências de aminoácidos da NA dos vírus influenza A H1N1pdm09 que circularam no RS entre os anos de 2009 a 2012, bem como verificar a ocorrência de casos de resistência aos inibidores de NA. Foram selecionadas 365 amostras clínicas de pacientes com Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SRAG) e com diagnóstico confirmado de infecção pelo vírus A H1N1pdm09, entre os anos de 2009 e 2012 (sendo 140 do ano de 2009, 105 de 2011 e 120 de 2012). Estas amostras foram submetidas à extração do RNA pelo método de adsorção em sílica e após amplificação pelas técnicas de RT-PCR e Nested PCR. Os produtos de amplificação foram submetidos ao sequenciamento de nucleotídeos e as sequências de aminoácidos da NA foram deduzidas e analisadas comparativamente. Os resultados mostraram elevado grau de identidade entre todas as amostras analisadas (97,1% e 100%), sendo observadas apenas alterações pontuais de aminoácidos em relação à cepa original (e vacinal) A/Califórnia/07/2009. Foram observados oito diferentes padrões de sequências em 2009, 21 em 2011 e 25 em 2012. Adicionalmente foram observadas alterações pontuais características na grande maioria das amostras circulantes no RS, como I241V em todas as amostras do ano 2009 (mas raramente em 2011 e 2012) e V106I em praticamente todas as amostras dos três anos. Outras alterações pontuais importantes foram V81A (n=16), S95N (n=39), T157A (n=30) e I193V (n=39) em 2011, I188T (n=22) e C285S (n=70) em 2012. A análise das modificações que conferem resistência aos inibidores da NA demonstrou a ocorrência de três amostras com a alteração H275Y (resistência comprovada ao oseltamivir) e uma com a substituição S247N (provável resistência ao oseltamivir)

Cytotoxic effect and oxidative damage of organic extract from Artemisia verlotorum in human cancer cell lines

Neste estudo, avaliamos os efeitos citotóxico e oxidativo dos extratos orgânico e aquoso de folhas da Artemisia verlotorum em linhagens celulares derivadas de câncer humano. Apenas o extrato orgânico demonstrou atividade citotóxica na linhagem celular de adenocarcinoma de cólon HT-29 na concentração de 100 µg/mL. O extrato orgânico foi, então, analisado em três linhagens celulares: adenocarcinoma de cólon, HT-29; carcinoma de pulmão de não-pequenas células, NCI-H460 e câncer renal, RXF-393, demonstrando valores de IC50 que variaram de 21 a 38 µg/mL. A linhagem celular RXF-393 apresentou maior sensibilidade ao extrato e foi usada nas análises seguintes. Nesta linhagem, o extrato orgânico induziu um significativo aumento dose-dependente na peroxidação lipídica. A maior concentração (IC80) do extrato reduziu em 50 % a atividade da isoforma mitocondrial da enzima superóxido dismutase (SOD2). Estes achados sugerem que o extrato orgânico de folhas da Artemisia verlotorum induz morte celular através de um aumento no dano oxidativo em linhagens celulares de câncer humano.In this study the cytotoxic and oxidative effects of organic and aqueous extracts from the leaves of Artemisia verlotorum in human cancer cell lines was evaluated. Only the organic extract demonstrated cytotoxic activity in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cell line at 100 µg/mL. The organic extract was then analyzed in three cell lines: HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma; NCI-H460 non-small-cell lung cancer cell line and RXF-393 renal cancer cell line, demonstrating values of IC50 ranging from 21 to 38 µg/mL. The RXF-393 cell line displayed higher sensibility to these extract and it was used in the following analyses. In these cells, the organic extract induced a significant dose-dependent increase in the lipid peroxidation. The highest concentration (IC80) of the extract reduced in 50 % the activity of the mitochondrial isoform of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD2). These findings suggest that the organic extract from the leaves of Artemisia verlotorum induces cell death through an increase in the oxidative damage in human cancer cell linesColegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Evidências científicas atualizadas sobre as vacinas para prevenção do SARS-COV-2 / Updated scientific evidence on vaccines for SARS-COV-2 prevention

Os diversos laboratórios estão desenvolvendo vacinas para prevenção da infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2, conhecido como COVID-19.  O desenvolvimento de vacinas progride por meio de avaliação pré-clínica e três estágios clínicos distintos, ensaios de fase I que são elaborados para testar a segurança da vacina, embora a imunogenicidade também seja medida, ensaios de fase II que expandem o perfil de segurança e a avaliação da resposta imune em um número maior de participantes  e ensaios de fase III que são elaborados para determinar a eficácia na prevenção de um desfecho predefinido, geralmente doença confirmada por laboratório. Os estudos em animais para as vacinas de SARS-CoV-1 e MERS-CoV levantaram preocupações quanto ao aumento da doença com a vacinação, após o desafio com o vírus de tipo selvagem, alguns animais previamente vacinados desenvolveram anticorpos não neutralizantes e respostas de células Th2 que foram associadas à inflamação pulmonar eosinofílica. No entanto, parâmetros imunológicos específicos foram propostos para estudos em animais e humanos para reduzir o risco de aumento da doença com vacinas COVID-19

Evidências científicas sobre o tratamento cirúrgico da queratose actínica / Scientific evidence on the surgical treatment of actinic keratosis

As queratoses actínicas são máculas, pápulas ou placas queratósicas ou escamosas resultantes da proliferação intraepidérmica de queratinócitos atípicos em resposta à exposição prolongada à radiação ultravioleta. As queratoses actínicas são uma preocupação porque a maioria dos CECs cutâneos que surgem de queratoses actínicas pré-existentes, e as queratoses actínicas que irão progredir para o CEC não podem ser distinguidas de queratoses actínicas que se resolverão espontaneamente ou persistirão, devido a esses fatores, a maioria dos estudos recomedam tratar rotineiramente as queratoses actínicas.  As opções de tratamento para queratose actínica  incluem terapias destrutivas direcionadas à lesão (por exemplo, cirurgia, crioterapia, dermoabrasão) e terapias direcionadas ao campo com medicamentos tópicos como fluorouracil, imiquimod e  mebutato de ingenol, ou terapia fotodinâmica. As terapias de campo são indicadas para o tratamento de áreas com múltiplas queratoses actínicas, lesões subclínicas que não são detectadas por inspeção visual ou palpação e cancerização de campo

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation