Case Report: Purple Urine Bag Syndrome

Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) was first reported in 1978. PUBS is rare, occurs predominantly in constipated women, chronically catheterized and associated with some bacterial urinary infections that produce sulphatase/phosphatase. The etiology is due to indigo (blue) and indirubin (red) or to their mixture that becomes purple. A chain reaction begins in the gastrointestinal tract with tryptophan as described in the article

Cardiac Influence on Mechanical Ventilation Time and Mortality in Exacerbated Chronic Respiratory Failure Patients. The Role of Echocardiographic Parameters

Objectivo: estudar determinantes cardiovasculares condicionantes do tempo de ventilação, mortalidade e gravidade de doença em doentes admitidos numa unidade de cuidados intensivos para ventilação mecânica por exacerbação de insuficiência respiratória crónica. Desenho e local: Estudo prospectivo, com duração de 30 meses numa unidade de cuidados intensivos médico-cirúrgica com 14 camas.Material e métodos: Estudados 59 doentes com idade média de 74,7 +/- 9,7 anos, tempo médio de ventilação de 10,8 +/- 12,6 dias, APACHE II médio de 23 +/- 8,3. Avaliaram-se parâmetros ecocardiográficos (dimensões das cavidades, débito cardíaco, estudo Doppler do fluxo transvalvular mitral, estudo da veia cava inferior) e electrocardiográficos(presença de ritmo sinusal ou fibrilhação auricular) nas primeiras 24 horas de internamento na Unidade e parâmetros gasimétricos à saída. Resultados: Um tempo de ventilação mais prolongado associou-se à presença de fibrilhação auricular (p=0,027), à presença conjunta de fibrilhação auricular e uma veia cava inferior dilatada (> 20mm p=0,004) e com níveis séricos de bicarbonato> 35mEq/l na gasimetria obtida à saída (p=0,04). Verificaram-se 12 óbitos. A mortalidade associou-se à presença de dilatação do ventrículo direito (p=0,03) e a uma relação entre o ventrículo direito e o esquerdo> 0,6 (p=0,04). Conclusão: Nos doentes submetidos a ventilação mecânica por exacerbação de insuficiência respiratória crónica, a presença de fibrilhação auricular indica a possibilidade de um período de ventilação mais prolongado, em especial se houver concomitantemente uma veia cava inferior com diâmetro> 20mm. Nestes doentes, a presença de dilatação das cavidades direitas pode indicar uma probabilidade mais elevada de mortalidade

Lack of Knowledge of HIV Status a Major Barrier to HIV Prevention, Care and Treatment Efforts in Kenya: Results from a Nationally Representative Study

BACKGROUND: We analyzed HIV testing rates, prevalence of undiagnosed HIV, and predictors of testing in the Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey (KAIS) 2007. METHODS: KAIS was a nationally representative sero-survey that included demographic and behavioral indicators and testing for HIV, HSV-2, syphilis, and CD4 cell counts in the population aged 15-64 years. We used gender-specific multivariable regression models to identify factors independently associated with HIV testing in sexually active persons. RESULTS: Of 19,840 eligible persons, 80% consented to interviews and blood specimen collection. National HIV prevalence was 7.1% (95% CI 6.5-7.7). Among ever sexually active persons, 27.4% (95% CI 25.6-29.2) of men and 44.2% (95% CI 42.5-46.0) of women reported previous HIV testing. Among HIV-infected persons, 83.6% (95% CI 76.2-91.0) were unaware of their HIV infection. Among sexually active women aged 15-49 years, 48.7% (95% CI 46.8-50.6) had their last HIV test during antenatal care (ANC). In multivariable analyses, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for ever HIV testing in women ≥35 versus 15-19 years was 0.2 (95% CI: 0.1-0.3; p<0.0001). Other independent associations with ever HIV testing included urban residence (AOR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2-2.0; p = 0.0005, women only), highest wealth index versus the four lower quintiles combined (AOR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.3-2.5; p = 0.0006, men only), and an increasing testing trend with higher levels of education. Missed opportunities for testing were identified during general or pregnancy-specific contacts with health facilities; 89% of adults said they would participate in home-based HIV testing. CONCLUSIONS: The vast majority of HIV-infected persons in Kenya are unaware of their HIV status, posing a major barrier to HIV prevention, care and treatment efforts. New approaches to HIV testing provision and education, including home-based testing, may increase coverage. Targeted interventions should involve sexually active men, sexually active women without access to ANC, and rural and disadvantaged populations

Meeting the challenges of implementing rapid genomic testing in acute pediatric care

Authors: Stark, Z. Lunke, S. Brett, G. Tan, N. Stapleton, R. Kumble, S. Yeung, A. Phelan, D. Chong, B. Fernandez, M.F. Marum, J.E. Hunter, M. Jarmolowicz, A. Yael Prawer, Y. Riseley, J.R. Regan, M. Elliott, J. Melissa Martyn, M. Best, S. Tan, T. Clara L Gaff, C.L. and White, S.M

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Prevalência e caracterização clínica dos doentes com insuficiência respiratória parcial grave internados numa UCI

Resumo: Objectivos: A insuficiência respiratória parcial aguda (IRPA) grave é uma situação comum na prática dos cuidados intensivos, mas os estudos existentes são insuficientes. Com este trabalho pretendeu-se estudar a prevalência e caracterizar clinicamente a população de doentes internados numa UCI que apresentam insuficiência respiratória parcial aguda grave.Material e métodos: Numa unidade de cuidados intensivos médico-cirúrgica avaliaram-se retrospectiva-mente os doentes internados durante o ano de 2004.Resultados: 37,6% dos doentes apresentaram IRPA grave. A análise estatística demonstrou que estes doentes diferiam dos doentes sem IRPA nos tempos de internamento e ventilação, índices de gravidade e mortalidade.Conclusão: A IRPA é uma situação com elevada prevalência e relevância em cuidados intensivos, mas as carac-terísticas destes doentes estão mal definidas, em parte devido à ausência de critérios claros na sua definição. Para melhor compreender este fenómeno são necessá-rios mais estudos, prospectivos e multicêntricos.Rev Port Pneumol 2008; XIV (3): 339-352 Abstract: Objective: The authors analysed patients with severe partial respiratory failure (SPRF) admitted to a general Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The prevalence and clinical characteristics of these patients were evaluated.This work aims to study the rate of and to clinically characterise the patient population admitted to an Intensive Care Unit with acute severe partial respiratory failure.Material and methods: In 16-bed ICU of a central Hospital in Lisbon, patients admitted in the year 2004 were analysed. Patients with SPRF were recruited form patients with an ICU stay>24 hours. They were selected according to PaO2 and FiO2 and clinically characterized.Results: During the study period 472 patients were admitted, and 378 presented an ICU stay>24 hours and were enrolled. From those, 142 (37.6%) met criteria for SPRF. Of these, 45 (31.7%) a pulmonary aetiology of SPRF was identified. Patients with SRPF were older, had longer ICU stay, and presented higher severity indexes and mortality.The prevalence of adult respiratory distress syndrome was possible to evaluate in the deceased patients with SPRF (n=52). In these we could find 12 (23%) patients that met criteria for that entity. By multivariate analysis the mortality of patients with SRPF correlated with older age and the presence of circulatory failure (p<0.001).Conclusions: SPRF is a situation highly prevalent in the ICU studied. To better understand the prevalence of this entity, properly designed studies are needed in order to establish its epidemiology and clinical characteristics.Rev Port Pneumol 2008; XIV (3): 339-352 Palavras-chave: Insuficiência respiratória parcial, hi-poxemia, cuidados intensivos, Key-words: Severe partial respiratory failure, hypoxamia, intensive care uni

Prevalência e caracterização clínica dos doentes com insuficiência respiratória parcial grave internados numa UCI Prevalence and clinical characterisation of patients with severe partial respiratory failure admitted to an intensive care unit

Objectivos: A insuficiência respiratória parcial aguda (IRPA) grave é uma situação comum na prática dos cuidados intensivos, mas os estudos existentes são insuficientes. Com este trabalho pretendeu-se estudar a prevalência e caracterizar clinicamente a população de doentes internados numa UCI que apresentam insuficiência respiratória parcial aguda grave. Material e métodos: Numa unidade de cuidados intensivos médico-cirúrgica avaliaram-se retrospectivamente os doentes internados durante o ano de 2004. Resultados: 37,6% dos doentes apresentaram IRPA grave. A análise estatística demonstrou que estes doentes diferiam dos doentes sem IRPA nos tempos de internamento e ventilação, índices de gravidade e mortalidade. Conclusão: A IRPA é uma situação com elevada prevalência e relevância em cuidados intensivos, mas as características destes doentes estão mal definidas, em parte devido à ausência de critérios claros na sua definição. Para melhor compreender este fenómeno são necessários mais estudos, prospectivos e multicêntricos.Objective: The authors analysed patients with severe partial respiratory failure (SPRF) admitted to a general Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The prevalence and clinical characteristics of these patients were evaluated. This work aims to study the rate of and to clinically characterise the patient population admitted to an Intensive Care Unit with acute severe partial respiratory failure. Material and methods: In 16-bed ICU of a central Hospital in Lisbon, patients admitted in the year 2004 were analysed. Patients with SPRF were recruited form patients with an ICU stay> 24 hours. They were selected according to PaO2 and FiO2 and clinically characterized. Results: During the study period 472 patients were admitted, and 378 presented an ICU stay> 24 hours and were enrolled. From those, 142 (37.6%) met criteria for SPRF. Of these, 45 (31.7%) a pulmonary aetiology of SPRF was identified. Patients with SRPF were older, had longer ICU stay, and presented higher severity indexes and mortality. The prevalence of adult respiratory distress syndrome was possible to evaluate in the deceased patients with SPRF (n=52). In these we could find 12 (23%) patients that met criteria for that entity. By multivariate analysis the mortality of patients with SRPF correlated with older age and the presence of circulatory failure (p<0.001). Conclusions: SPRF is a situation highly prevalent in the ICU studied. To better understand the prevalence of this entity, properly designed studies are needed in order to establish its epidemiology and clinical characteristics