Influência Da Dinâmica Agrícola Itinerante Na Geração De Diversidade De Etnovariedades Cultivadas Vegetativamente

The Atlantic Rainforest is an area of importance for the conservation of biodiversity. Many traditional communities of peasants maintain secular agricultural practices. The relationship between these communities and their environment is of great relevance to the proposition of conservation strategies, because these communities have been interacting with the Rainforest environment through many generations. This paper analyzes the influence of agricultural management techniques of shift cultivation on the creation and maintenance of genetic variability of crops at infra and interspecific levels in areas of Atlantic forest in the southern coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. We have determined the diversity of crops used by traditional family units, establishing interactions between the management processes used by the agriculturists and the life history components of their crops. For edible uses, 24 ethnospecies were cited (common names), corresponding to 11 botanical families and 161 varieties. We also discuss ethnotaxonomical features of cultivated species The maintenance of diversity and its amplification at the garden level are consequences of the interaction between farmer management and life history components of the crops. Natural dispersion and the establishment of soil seed banks associated to disturbance cycles stimulating colonization are examples of processes involved in the dynamics of diversity amplification.2512229Altieri, M.A., Masera, O., Sustainable rural development in Latin America: Building from the bottom-up (1993) Ecological Economics, 7, pp. 93-121Amorozo, M.C.M., (1996) Sistema de Agricultura Camponesa em Santo António Do Leverger. Mato Grosso, Brasil, , São Paulo, Faculdade de filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo. Tese (Doutorado) 274pBegon, M., Harper, J.L., Townsend, C.R., (1996) Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities, , Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1068pBellon, M.R., The dynamics of crop infraspecific diversity: A conceptual framework at the farmer level (1996) Economic Botany, 50 (1), pp. 26-39Berlin, B., Folk systematics in relation to biological classification and nomenclature (1973) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, pp. 259-271Berlin, B., (1992) Ethnobiological Classification: Principles of Categorization of Plants and Animals in Traditional Societies, , Princeton: Princeton University Press, 327pBoster, J., A comparison of the diversity of Jivaroan gardens with that of the tropical forest (1993) Human Ecology, 11 (1), pp. 47-68Brush, S.B., Ethnoecology, biodiversity, and modernization in Andean potato agriculture (1992) Journal of Ethnobiology, 12 (2), pp. 161-185Brush, S.B., Carney, H.J., Huamán, Z., Dynamics of Andean Potato Agriculture (1981) Economic Botany, 35 (1), pp. 70-88Carneiro, R.L., The cultivation of manioc among the Kuikuru of the Upper Xingú (1983) Adaptative Responses of Native Amazonians, pp. 65-111. , EO Hames e WT Vickers (eds.). 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Dissertação (Mestrado). 103 pDean, W., (1997) A Ferro e Fogo: a História e a Devastação Da Mata Atlântica Brasileira, , São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 484pEden, M.J., Swidden cultivation in forest and savanna in lowland Southwest Papua New Guinea (1993) Human Ecology, 21 (2), pp. 145-166Eden, M.J., Crop diversity in tropical swidden cultivation: Comparative data from Colombia and Papua New Guinea (1988) Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 20, pp. 127-136Hanazaki, N., Leitão-Filho, H.F., Begossi, A., Uso de recursos na Mata Atlântica: O caso da ponta do Almada (Ubatuba, Brasil) (1996) Interciencia, 21 (6), pp. 268-276Harlan, J.R., (1992) Crops and Man. 2.ed., , American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America: Madison, 295pHunn, E., The utilitarian factor in folk biological classífícation (1982) Amerícan Anthropologist, 84 (4), pp. 830-847Johns, T., Kenn, S.L., Ongoing evolution of the potato on the Altiplano of Western Bolivia (1986) Economic Botany, 40 (4), pp. 409-424Kainer, K.A., Duryea, M.L., Tapping women's knowledge: Plant resource use in extractive reserves, Acre, Brazil (1992) Economic Botany, 46 (4), pp. 408-425Kerr, W.E., Agricultura e seleções genéticas de plantas (1987) Suma Etnológica Brasileira, 1, pp. 159-171. , D Ribeiro (ed.). 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Vozes, 2a edMartins, P.S., Biodiversity and agriculture: Patterns of domestication of Brazilian native plant species (1994) Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 66, pp. 219-226Myers, N., Threatened biotas: Hotspots in tropical forests (1988) Environmentalist, 8, pp. 1-20Myers, N., The biodiversity challenge: Expanded "hotspot" analysis (1991) Environmentalist, 10, pp. 243-256Oliveira, G.C.X., Observations on wild rice: Geographical distribution of wild Oryza species in Brasil (1994) Investigations of Plant Genetic Resources in the Amazon Basin with the Emphasis on the Genus Oryza, pp. 10-15. , H Morishima e PS Martins (eds.)Oliveira, R.R., Lima, D.F., Sampaio, P.D., Silva, R.F., Toffoli, D.D.G., Roça caiçara, um sistema "primitivo" auto-sustentável (1994) Ciência Hoje, 18 (104), pp. 44-51Peroni, N., (1998) Taxonomia Folk e Diversidade Intraespecífica de Mandioca (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) em Roças de Agricultura Tradicional em Áreas de Mata Atlântica do Sul do Estado de São Paulo, , Piracicaba. ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo. Dissertação (Mestrado). 196pPhillips, O., Gentry, A.H., The useful plants of Tamboapata, Peru: II. Addtional hypothesis testing in quantitative Ethnobotany (1993) Economic Botany, 47 (1), pp. 33-43Plotkin, M.J., The outlook for new agricultural and industrial products from the tropics (1988) Biodiversity, pp. 106-116. , EO Wilson (ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Academy PressPlotkin, M.J., The importance of ethnobotany for tropical forest conservation (1995) Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline, pp. 147-156. , RE Schultes e SV Reis (eds). Portland: Dioscorides PressPosey, D.A., Manejo da floresta secundária, capoeiras, campos e cerrados (Kayapó) (1987) Suma Etnológica Brasileira, 1, pp. 173-185. , Ribeiro, D. (ed.). Petrópolis: ed. 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Effect of inclusion or non-inclusion of short lactations and cow and/or dam genetic group on genetic evaluation of Girolando dairy cattle

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inclusion or non-inclusion of short lactations and cow (CGG) and/or dam (DGG) genetic group on the genetic evaluation of 305-day milk yield (MY305), age at first calving (AFC), and first calving interval (FCI) of Girolando cows. Covariance components were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method in an animal model of single trait analyses. The heritability estimates for MY305, AFC, and FCI ranged from 0.23 to 0.29, 0.40 to 0.44, and 0.13 to 0.14, respectively, when short lactations were not included, and from 0.23 to 0.28, 0.39 to 0.43, and 0.13 to 0.14, respectively, when short lactations were included. The inclusion of short lactations caused little variation in the variance components and heritability estimates of traits, but their non-inclusion resulted in the re-ranking of animals. Models with CGG or DGG fixed effects had higher heritability estimates for all traits compared with models that consider these two effects simultaneously. We recommend using the model with fixed effects of CGG and inclusion of short lactations for the genetic evaluation of Girolando cattle

Frontal assault versus incremental change: A comparison of collective bargaining in Portugal and the Netherlands

Collective bargaining has come under renewed scrutiny, especially in Southern European countries, which rely predominantly on sectoral bargaining supported by administrative extensions of collective agreements. Following the global financial crisis, some of these countries have implemented substantial reforms in the context of adjustment programmes, seen by some as a ‘frontal assault’ on collective bargaining. This paper compares the recent top-down reforms in Portugal with the more gradual evolution of the system in the Netherlands. While the Dutch bargaining system shares many of the key features that characterise the Portuguese system, it has shown a much greater ability to adjust to new challenges through concerted social dialogue. This paper shows that the recent reforms in Portugal have brought the system more in line with Dutch practices, including in relation to the degree of flexibility in sectoral collective agreements at the worker and firm levels, the criteria for administrative extensions, and the application of retro- and ultra-activity. However, it remains to be seen to what extent the top-down approach taken in Portugal will change bargaining practices, and importantly, the quality of industrial relations

Antitumoral Activity Of L-ascorbic Acid-poly-d, L-(lactide-co-glycolide) Nanoparticles Containing Violacein

It has been demonstrated that tumoral cells have a higher uptake of ascorbic acid compared to normal cells. This differential characteristic can be used as a way to improve the specificity of antitumoral compounds if combined with polymeric drug delivery systems. The aim of this study was to prepare, characterize and evaluate the antitumoral activity of poly-D,L-(lactide-co-glycolide) 50:50 loading the antitumoral compound violacein and capped with L-ascorbic acid. Nanoparticles were prepared using the nanoprecipitation method and morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The average diameter and Zeta potential were determined by photon correlation spectroscopy method (PCS), and assays were carried out to determine the content of ascorbic acid and in vitro drug release kinetics. The antitumoral activity of this system was also evaluated against HL-60 cells by tetrazolium reduction assay. Nanoparticles with size distribution between 300-400 nm and strong negative outer surface (-40 mV) were obtained by this method. Analysis of ascorbic acid content showed that this compound was mainly localized on the external surface of nanoparticles. Violacein loading efficiency was determined as 32% ± 1% and this drug was gradually released from nanoparticles at different rates depending on the composition of the release media. 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Transversality Conditions for Infinite Horizon Variational Problems on Time Scales

We consider problems of the calculus of variations on unbounded time scales. We prove the validity of the Euler-Lagrange equation on time scales for infinite horizon problems, and a new transversality condition.Comment: Submitted 6-October-2009; Accepted 19-March-2010 in revised form; for publication in "Optimization Letters"

Poly(ionic liquid)-based engineered mixed matrix membranes for CO2/H2 separation

Unformatted preprintPoly(ionic liquid)s (PIL) have emerged as a class of versatile polyelectrolites, that can be used to prepare new materials able to achieve superior performances compared to conventional polymers. The combination of PILs with ionic liquids (ILs) may serve as a suitable matrix for the preparation of membranes for gas separation. In this work, mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) combining a pyrrolidinium-based PIL, an IL and three highly CO2-selective metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were prepared. The different MOFs (MIL-53, Cu3(BTC)2 and ZIF-8) were used as fillers, aiming to maximize the membranes performance towards the purification of syngas. The influence of different MOFs and loadings (0, 10, 20 and 30 wt.%) on the thermal and mechanical stabilities of the membranes and their performance in terms of CO2 permeability and CO2/H2 ideal selectivity was assessed. The compatibility between the materials was confirmed by SEM-EDS and FTIR spectroscopy. The prepared MMMs revealed to be thermally stable within the temperature range of the syngas stream, with a loss of mechanical stability upon the MOF incorporation. The increasing MOF content in the MMMs, resulted in an improvement of both CO2 permeability and CO2/H2 ideal selectivity. Among the three MOFs studied, membranes based on ZIF-8 showed the highest permeabilities (up to 97.2 barrer), while membranes based on MIL-53 showed the highest improvement in selectivity (up to 13.3). Remarkably, all permeation results surpass the upper bound limit for the CO2/H2 separation, showing the membranes potential for the desired gas separation.This work was partially supported by R&D Units UID/Multi/04551/2013 (Green-it), UID/QUI/00100/2013 (CQE), and the Associated Laboratory Research Unit for Green Chemistry, Technologies and Clean Processes, LAQV which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES(UID/QUI/50006/2013) and co-financed by the ERDF under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007265). Ana R. Nabais, Luísa A. Neves and Liliana C. Tomé acknowledge FCT/MCTES for financial support through project PTDC/CTM-POL/2676/2014, FCT Investigator Contract IF/00505/2014 and Post-doctoral research grant SFRH/BDP/101793/2014, respectively. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 745734