Tree-Network Overrun Model Associated with Pilots’ Actions and Flight Operational Procedures

The runway excursions are defined as the exit of an aircraft from the surface of the runway. These excursions can take place at takeoff or at landing and consist of two types of events: veer off and overrun. This last one, which occurs when the aircraft exceeds the limits at the end of the runway, is the event of interest in the current study. This chapter aims to present an accident model with a new approach in aeronautical systems, based on the tasks of the pilots related to the operational procedures necessary for the approach and landing, in order to obtain the chain of events that lead to this type of accident. Thus, the tree-network overrun model (TNO model) was proposed, unlike most traditional models, which consider only the hardware failures or which do not satisfactorily explain the interrelationship between the factors influencing the operator. The proposed model is developed in a fault tree and transformed into a Bayesian network up to the level of the basic elements. The results showed the qualitative model of the main tasks performed by the pilots and their relation to the accident. It has also been suggested how to find and estimate the probability of factors that can impact on each of the tasks

DIREITOS HUMANOS: UNIVERSALIDADE E VERDADE

O presente artigo tem por escopo conceituar "Direitos Humanos", demonstrar seu desenvolvimento através da História e descrever suas principais características, destacando dentre elas a "universalidade". Utilizando o método de revisão bibliográfica, far-se-á uma reflexão se verdadeiramente tais direitos têm sido universais. Os Direitos Humanos são indispensáveis e por isso faz-se fundamental analisar se, de fato, são promovidos pelas autoridades brasileiras em favor dos cidadãos. Analisar-se-ão especialmente a situação dos reclusos em presídios brasileiros, a questão da saúde e educação pública brasileira. Comparar-se a alguns dispositivos constitucionais e infraconstitucionais vigentes com a realidade na prática

FINANCING GUIDED TO THE SHIPBUILDING IN BRAZIL: ARGUING THE CLASS REPRESENTATIVE SYSTEM FROM THE PERCEPTION OF ORGANIZATIONS

The naval construction is a global industry that produces a tailor made capital good of high value. The need of a high volume of resource allocated, long maturation time and risks associated, alongside with the fluctuations of the freight market, are some of the factors that condition investments decisions. The credit analysis involves the evaluation of the project, economic and financial conditions of the firm and the market projections. The parameters of the financial contract that must be undertaken are: interest rate, risk spread, rules and time of amortization, guaranties, among others. Due to market failures, governments intervene, including the provision of direct subsidies to production and allocation of fund investments. The Brazilian experience is treated methodologically as a “study case”. This procedure is justified due not only to the exploratory nature of the research question on a quite complex subject but also to the relevance of the decision making process of major actors involved. The information is then submitted to an analysis of financial executives of naval construction firms and leaders of entrepreneur’s organizations, by means of structured interviews. The objective is to discuss the perception of these important actors on the structural constraints of the Brazilian financial system.A construção naval é uma indústria global que produz bem de capital de alto valor, fabricado sob encomenda. A necessidade de aporte de elevado volume de recursos, longos prazos de maturação e riscos associados às inversões, em meio aos ciclos verificados no mercado de frete, são alguns dos fatores que condicionam as decisões de investimento. A análise de crédito abrange a avaliação do projeto, as condições econômico-financeiras das empresas envolvidas no empreendimento e projeções de mercado. A partir disso, são estabelecidos os parâmetros da contratação do financiamento: nível de taxa de juros e spread de risco, prazo de amortização, período de carência, garantias, entre outros. Em razão da presença de falhas de mercado (bens públicos, externalidades, etc.) os governos interferem por meio da provisão de subsídios diretos à produção e aporte de fundos para financiamento. Este trabalho discute os microfundamentos do financiamento de projetos orientado à construção naval. A experiência brasileira é tratada metodologicamente por meio de um “estudo de caso”. Este procedimento se justifica em razão da natureza do problema da pesquisa, importância do contexto na tomada de decisão, escassez de informações estatísticas e de estudos direcionados ao tema. O intuito é discutir os obstáculos ao financiamento local

Possível associação entre tipos de hemoglobina e problemas reprodutivos em éguas Mangalarga brasileiras

In the present report the biochemical polymorphism of Mangalarga mares hemoglobin, in reproductive age, from Santa Fé Farm, Botucatu, São Paulo, was studied. Animals were classified in two groups, according to reproductive history of each mare; the first group was performed by normal mares (control group) and the second one by animals with reproductive disorders (barren mares). From each animal, around 15 ml of vessel blood were collected. Hemoglobins were typed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 7% of concentration in the resolving gel, in a discontinuous alkaline (pH 8.6) buffer system. The following hemoglobins phenotypes were found in the control group, with the respective frequencies:A¹--- (2,0%), A¹, A²m+m+ (21,0%) e A¹A² m+m (27,0%). To the group performed by reproductive disorders carrier animals the following results were obtained : A¹--- (10,0%), A¹A² m+m+ (12,0%) e A¹A²m+m+ (28,0%). The difference observed in the A¹--- phenotype between the groups may be due to a probable liaison with hemoglobin locus and another one related with reproductive traits. Besides this fact, tropical environment effects may be acting on this locus, thus leading to obtained resultsForam estudadas as hemoglobinas de 100 éguas da raça Mangalarga, em idade de reprodução, provenientes da Fazenda Santa Fé, situada na região de Botucatu. Esses animais foram divididos em 2 grupos, de acordo com o histórico reprodutivo de cada animal, sendo um formado por éguas reprodutivamente normais e o segundo por éguas portadoras de problemas reprodutivos. Foram colhidas amostras de 15 ml de sangue com anticoagulante. As hemoglobinas foram identificadas por meio de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida em placa vertical, a 7% em pH 8.6, segundo Davis11 (1964). Quanto ao sistema de hemoglobinas, foram encontrados os seguintes fenótipos para o grupo de éguas reprodutivamente normais:A¹--- (2,0%), A¹, A²m+m+ (21,0%) e A¹A² m+m (27,0%); para o grupo de éguas com problemas reprodutivos: A¹--- (10,0%), A¹A² m+m+ (12,0%) e A¹A²m+m+ (28,0%). A diferença na freqüência do fenótipo A¹--- entre os grupos pode ter ocorrido devido ã existência da ligação do loco hemoglobina a outro que controlaria características de produção. Além disso, pode estar ocorrendo influência do tipo de clima existente nos trópicos

Associação entre os níveis de vitamina d e a escoliose idiopática do adolescente

Objective: To compare the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with AIS and a control group. Methods: The patients were recruited from the outpatient clinic of our institution during the year of 2013. Children diagnosed with scoliosis before 10 or after 18 years of age, and those suffering from neurological or muscular disorders, congenital malformations or genetic syndromes were excluded. The 25-OHD levels were determined by a fully automated electrochemiluminescence test. The appropriate level of 25-OHD was defined as greater than 30 ng/mL. The results were compared to a group of healthy individuals. Results: In group 1 (control) 63,3% showed abnormal vitamin D levels, while 91% of patients with AIS presented a low level of vitamin D. The mean BMI was 19.6 kg/m2 for controls and 20.3 kg/m2 for group 2. Statistical analysis showed significant difference (p<0.0001) between the levels of vitamin D. The average and minimum levels of vitamin D were respectively 27 and 13.6 ng/mL for group 1 and 18.8 and 3.13 ng/mL for AIS group. Conclusions: Patients with AIS had statistically significant lower levels of 25-OHD than healthy patients. Further research should be conducted to investigate the actual impact of serum vitamin D levels on the pathophysiology of AIS.Objetivo: Comparar los niveles de 25-hidroxivitamina D en pacientes con EIA y un grupo control. Métodos: Los pacientes fueron reclutados en el ambulatorio de nuestra institución durante el año de 2013. Se excluyeron los niños diagnosticados con escoliosis antes de 10 años o después de 18 años, y quienes sufren de trastornos neurológicos o musculares, malformaciones congénitas o síndromes genéticos. Los niveles de 25-OHD se determinaron mediante un ensayo de electroquimiolumniscencia totalmente automatizado. El nivel apropiado de 25-OHD se define como mayor que 30 ng/ml. Lo resultados se compararon con un grupo de individuos sanos. Resultados: En el grupo 1 (control), 63,3% tenían niveles anormales de vitamina D, mientra que el 91% de los pacientes con EIA mostraron bajo nivel de vitamina D. El IMC promedio fue 19,6 Kg./m2 para los controles y 20,3 Kg./m2 para el grupo 2. El análisis estadístico mostró diferencias significativas (p < 0,0001) entre lo niveles de vitamina D. Los valores medios y mínimos de vitamina D fueron respectivamente 27 y 13,6 ng/ml para el grupo 1 y 18,8 y 3,13 ng/ml para el grupo EIA. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con EIA tenían niveles más bajos de 25-OHD que los pacientes sanos, con significación estadística. Este estudio sugiere que la deficiencia de vitamina D puede estar relacionada con la etiología de la escoliosis idiopática del adolescente, lo que confirma los datos publicados. Más investigación debe llevarse a cabo para investigar el impacto real de la concentración de vitamina D en la fisiopatología de la EIA.Objetivo: Comparar os níveis de 25-hidroxivitamina D em pacientes com EIA e um grupo controle. Métodos: Os pacientes foram recrutados no ambulatório de nossa instituição durante 2013. Crianças com escoliose diagnosticada antes de 10 ou após 18 anos de idade, portadoras de distúrbios neurológicos ou musculares, deformidades congênitas ou síndromes genéticas foram excluídas. Os níveis de 25-OHD foram determinados por teste de eletroquimioluminescência totalmente automatizado. O nível adequado de 25-OHD foi definido como acima de 30 ng/ml. Os resultados foram comparados a um grupo de indivíduos saudáveis. Resultados: No grupo 1 (controle), 63,3 % apresentaram níveis anormais de vitamina D, enquanto 91% dos pacientes portadores de EIA apresentaram baixo nível de vitamina D. A média do IMC foi de 19,6 kg/m2 para os controles e 20,3 kg/m2 no grupo 2. A análise estatística demonstrou diferença relevante (p < 0,0001) entre os nívei de vitamina D. A média e os valores mínimos de vitamina D foram respectivamente 27 e 13,6 ng/ml para o grupo 1 e 18,8 e 3,13 ng/ml para o grupo EIA. Conclusões: Pacientes portadores de EIA tinham níveis de 25-OHD mais baixos do que o pacientes saudáveis, com significância estatística. O presente estudo sugere que a deficiência da vitamina D possa estar relacionada com a etiologia da escoliose idiopática do adolescente, corroborando dados da literatura. Mais pesquisas devem ser desenvolvidas para investigar o impacto real dos níveis séricos de vitamina D sobre a fisiopatologia da EIA.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)UNIFESPSciEL

Breve ensaio sobre a responsabilidade civil do Estado no contexto dos desastres ambientais em Mariana e Brumadinho

Este breve ensaio abordará primeiramente o conceito de responsabilidade civil e o conceito de Estado como ente federativo. Em seguida, analisar-se a referida temática, tendo como objeto de estudo os casos das barragens de Mariana e Brumadinho em Minas Gerais, considerados como maiores desastres ambientais ocorridos até a presente data no Brasil. Logo, a sistemática deste estudo contemplará a análise dos aspectos relacionados às tragédias, buscando realizar uma reflexão acerca da possibilidade de responsabilização do Estado e se o mesmo poderá responder solidariamente pelos danos causados pelas mineradoras

Ranking contrasting genotypes of forage peanut based on nutritive value and fermentation kinetics

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional divergence of perennial peanut genotypes through chemical characteristics as well as in vitro fermentation and degradation kinetics. The experiment was conducted at The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Cerrados). The treatments consisted of 10 accessions of Arachis spp., 6 accessions of A. pintoi (Ap 8, Ap 19, Ap 20, Ap 24, Ap 31, Ap 65) and the cultivar Belmonte, 2 accessions of Arachis repens (Ar 5, Ar 26) and an interspecific hybrid (Ap×Ar) 9. The experimental design was a completely randomised block with four replications. Forage evaluations were made at a stubble height of 5cm from the soil surface with fixed cutting intervals of 42 days during the rainy season. Nutritional divergence was assessed using canonical variate analysis and hierarchical agglomerative clustering including the variables crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, lignin(sa), potential DM degradation at 48h, the insoluble but potentially degradable DM fraction and the degradation rate of the insoluble but potentially degradable DM fraction. Variables with higher contribution to discrimination of accessions were: rate of degradation, crude protein and potential DM degradation at 48h. Four distinct nutritional groups were identified: Group I (Ap 8, Ap 19, Ap 31, cv. Belmonte), Group II (Ap 20, Ap 24, Ap 65), Group III (Ar 5. Ar 26) and Ggroup IV (Ap×Ar 9). The nutritional divergence of the Arachis evaluated show great variability relative to the parameters analysed, which may impact genetic improvement programs which focus on chemical composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics. Group IV (hybrid Ap×Ar 9) had the highest nutritional quality as ruminant feeds

THE EFFECT OF THE COMPUTATIONAL GRID SIZE ON THE PREDICTION OF A FLAMMABLE CLOUD DISPERSION

ABSTRACT The consequence analysis is used to define the extent and nature of effects caused by undesired events being of great help when quantifying the damage caused by such events. For the case of leaking of flammable and/or toxic materials, effects are analyzed for explosions, fires and toxicity. Specific models are used to analyze the spills or jets of gas or liquids, gas dispersions, explosions and fires. The central step in the analysis of consequences in such cases is to determine the concentration of the vapor cloud of hazardous substances released into the atmosphere, in space and time. With the computational advances, CFD tools are being used to simulate short and medium scale gas dispersion events, especially in scenarios where there is a complex geometry. However, the accuracy of the simulation strongly depends on diverse simulation parameters, being of particular importance the grid resolution. This study investigates the effects of the computational grid size on the prediction of a cloud dispersion considering both the accuracy and the computational cost. Experimental data is compared with the predicted values obtained by means of CFD simulation, exploring and discussing the influence of the grid size on cloud concentration the predicted values. This study contributes to optimize CFD simulation settings concerning grid definition when applied to analyses of consequences in environments with complex geometry. INTRODUCTION As a result of the industrial and technological development, the presence of flammable and toxic substances has significantly increased in a number of activities. While flammable substances are used as energy sources, toxic substances are used in a huge number of industrial processes, and frequently the flammable and toxic substances are present in the same process. Activities related to the supply chain of oil and its derivatives is a current example; these substances are present in the activities of offshore and onshore production plants, in the storage and transport process and in the process of delivery to the final consumer. Although these substances are essential nowadays, there are risks involved in their manipulation, storage and transportation that should be controlled whenever possible. The consequence analysis is used to define the extent and nature of effects caused by undesired events on individuals, buildings, equipment and on the environment. For the case of leaking flammable and/or toxic materials, consequences are analyzed for explosions, fires and toxicity. The central step in this type of analysis is to determine the concentration of the vapor cloud of hazardous substances released into the atmosphere, in space and time. On the basis of this approach, the use of numerical methods associated with different algorithms of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) t

The effect of the computational grid size on the prediction of a flammable cloud dispersion

The consequence analysis is used to define the extent and \ud nature of effects caused by undesired events being of great help \ud when quantifying the damage caused by such events. For the \ud case of leaking of flammable and/or toxic materials, effects are \ud analyzed for explosions, fires and toxicity. Specific models are \ud used to analyze the spills or jets of gas \ud or\ud liquids, gas \ud dispersions, explosions and fires. The central step in the \ud analysis of consequences in such cases is to determine the \ud concentration of the vapor cloud of hazardous substances \ud released into the atmosphere, in space and time\ud . \ud With the \ud computational advances, CFD tools are being used to simulate \ud short and medium scale gas dispersion events, especially in \ud scenarios where there is a complex geometry. However, the \ud accuracy of the simulati\ud on\ud strongly depends on diverse \ud sim\ud ulation parameters, being of particular importance the grid \ud resolution. This study investigates the effects of the \ud computational grid size on the prediction of \ud a \ud cloud dispersion \ud considering both the accuracy and the computational cost. \ud Experimental data \ud is\ud compared with the predict\ud ed\ud values \ud obtained by means of CFD simulation, exploring and \ud discussing the influence of the grid size on cloud concentration \ud the predict\ud ed\ud values. \ud This study contributes to optimize CFD simulation settings \ud concerning grid definition when applied to analyses of \ud consequences in environments with complex geometry.This paper reports part of the overall results obtained in the R&D project number 01.10.0498.00 sponsored by FINEP – Studies and Projects Financing Agency, a public institution linked to the Ministry of Science and Technology in Brazil, whose support the authors gratefully wish to acknowledge. Author sponsored by CNPq. The authors gratefully wish to acknowledge the Program for Development of Human Resources (PRH) from Petrobras and Brazilian National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP) by the financial suppor