Научный стиль речи

В учебном пособии подан теоретический, практический и иллюстративный материал, необходимый для системного формирования навыков работы с научной литературой и создания собственных научных письменных работ и устных высказываний с целью языковой подготовки иностранных учащихся к защите диплома магистра, кандидатской диссертации и к сдаче кандидатского экзамена по русскому языку. Пособие предназначено для иностранных магистрантов и аспирантов

Good intentions: Expectations of benefit from technoscience innovation: genetic modification and wind energy in New Zealand

New developments in science and technology are promoted through projections of anticipated benefit that justify research, help secure funding and institutional, political and public support, and encourage technology diffusion. This thesis explores the strategic influence of constructs of expected benefit through analysis of the claims advanced for two technology fields in New Zealand: genetic modification and wind energy. The ways benefits are framed, and the kinds of returns and outcomes that are promoted, have major implications for technoscience. Some technology pathways and applications are supported and fostered, while others are rejected or marginalised. The “downstream” impacts and potential risks of scientific innovation have received extensive academic and policy analysis, while the benefits claimed for R&D and new technologies have largely been taken for granted. However, science and technology futures have recently been addressed in an emerging field of international scholarship – the sociology of expectations. This thesis follows technoscience trajectories back “upstream”, to better understand the work of benefit framings in legitimating and valorising innovation in two sectors in New Zealand. Understanding the dynamics of such optimistic projections is crucial for publics, interested groups, practitioners and policy-makers engaging with the challenges of contemporary technoscience

Comprehensive Mutation Analysis in Colorectal Flat Adenomas

Background: Flat adenomas are a subgroup of colorectal adenomas that have been associated with a distinct biology and a more aggressive clinical behavior compared to their polypoid counterparts. In the present study, we aimed to compare the mutation spectrum of 14 cancer genes, between these two phenotypes. Methods: A consecutive series of 106 flat and 93 polypoid adenomas was analyzed retrospectively for frequently occurring mutations in “hot spot” regions of KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA and NRAS, as well as selected mutations in CTNNB1 (β-catenin), EGFR, FBXW7 (CDC4), PTEN, STK11, MAP2K4, SMAD4, PIK3R1 and PDGFRA using a high-throughput genotyping technique. Additionally, APC was analyzed using direct sequencing. Results: APC mutations were more frequent in polypoid adenomas compared to flat adenomas (48.5% versus 30.3%, respectively, p = 0.02). Mutations in KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, FBXW7 and CTNNB1 showed similar frequencies in both phenotypes. Between the different subtypes of flat adenomas (0-IIa, LST-F and LST-G) no differences were observed for any of the investigated genes. Conclusion: The lower APC mutation rate in flat adenomas compared to polypoid adenomas suggests that disruption of the Wnt-pathway may occur via different mechanisms in these two phenotypes. Furthermore, in contrast to previous observations our results in this large well-defined sample set indicate that there is no significant association between the different morphological phenotypes and mutations in key genes of the RAS-RAF-MAPK pathway

Central decoding for multiple description codes based on domain partitioning

Multiple Description Codes (MDC) can be used to trade redundancy against packet loss resistance for transmitting data over lossy diversity networks. In this work we focus on MD transform coding based on domain partitioning. Compared to Vaishampayan’s quantizer based MDC, domain based MD coding is a simple approach for generating different descriptions, by using different quantizers for each description. Commonly, only the highest rate quantizer is used for reconstruction. In this paper we investigate the benefit of using the lower rate quantizers to enhance the reconstruction quality at decoder side. The comparison is done on artificial source data and on image data.