Imputing Consumption from Income Tax Registers

In this study we investigate if it is possible to derive a measure of total expenditure from administrative income-tax-register data at the individual household level. We exploit that the households in the Danish Expenditure Survey 1995 can be linked to their administrative registers for the years around the survey year. These matched data offer a unique possibility to both construct measures of total expenditure and to check directly on the reliability of our imputations. The results are promising. It gives clear indication that administrative register data on income, tax payments, and wealth can be used to construct a measure of total expenditure at the household level.

Static solutions from the point of view of comparison geometry

We analyze (the harmonic map representation of) static solutions of the Einstein Equations in dimension three from the point of view of comparison geometry. We find simple monotonic quantities capturing sharply the influence of the Lapse function on the focussing of geodesics. This allows, in particular, a sharp estimation of the Laplacian of the distance function to a given (hyper)-surface. We apply the technique to asymptotically flat solutions with regular and connected horizons and, after a detailed analysis of the distance function to the horizon, we recover the Penrose inequality and the uniqueness of the Schwarzschild solution. The proof of this last result does not require proving conformal flatness at any intermediate step.Comment: 41 page

An easterly tip jet off Cape Farewell, Greenland. II: Simulations and dynamics

An easterly tip jet that occurred on 21 February 2007 off Cape Farewell, Greenland, is examined. In Part I of this article aircraft observations were described. Now, in Part II, numerical simulations and an analysis of the dynamical forcing mechanisms are presented. The simulations make use of a limited-area 12 km resolution configuration of the Met Office's Unified Model. Sea-surface temperatures and sea-ice concentrations have been replaced using the Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA) product, addressing a boundary-layer temperature bias, while roughness lengths over sea ice have been updated, addressing a wind-speed bias. These modifications ensured a reasonably accurate simulation: generally within 1–2 K and 2–3 m s-1 when compared with dropsonde observations. A momentum-budget analysis along a curved locus through the core of the jet has been derived. Off southeast Greenland, the easterly tip jet was in cross-jet geostrophic balance, but was being accelerated downstream by an along-jet pressure gradient. Over the curved part of the locus, as the jet rounded Cape Farewell, a cross-jet residual suggests that the jet was unbalanced at the height of the jet core. This residual decreases with height so that an approximate gradient wind balance applies in the upper part of the jet. The anticyclonic curvature, characteristic of easterly tip jets, was caused by a dramatic decrease in the cross-jet pressure-gradient force at the end of the barrier, after which the jet aligned with the synoptic-scale isobars and returned to approximate geostrophic balance. The momentum budget is shown to be robust and applicable to other cases