Monolith formation and ring-stain suppression in low-pressure evaporation of poly(ethylene oxide) droplets

When droplets of dilute suspensions are left to evaporate the final dry residue is typically the familiar coffee-ring stain, with nearly all material deposited at the initial triple line (Deegan et al, Nature, vol. 389, 1997, pp. 827-829). However, aqueous poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) droplets only form coffee-ring stains for a very narrow range of the experimental parameters molecular weight, concentration and drying rate. Instead, over a wide range of values they form either a flat disk or a very distinctive tall central monolith via a four-stage deposition process which includes a remarkable bootstrap-building step. To predict which deposit will form, we present a quantitative model comparing the effects of advective build-up at the triple line to diffusive flux and use this to calculate a dimensionless number χ. By experimentally varying concentration and flux (using a low-pressure drying chamber), the prediction is tested over nearly two orders of magnitude in both variables and shown to be in good agreement with the boundary between disks and monoliths at χ ≈ 1.6

Droplet Motion on Contrasting Striated Surfaces

Liquid droplets move readily under the influence of surface tension gradients on their substrates. Substrates decorated with parallel microgrooves, or striations, presenting the advantage of homogeneous chemical properties yet varying the topological characteristics on either side of a straight-line boundary, are considered in this study. The basic type of geometry consists of hydrophobic micro-striations/rails perpendicular to the boundary, with the systematic variation of the width to spacing ratio, thus changing the solid–liquid contact fraction and inducing a well-defined wettability contrast across the boundary. Droplets in the Cassie–Baxter state, straddling the boundary, move along the wettability contrast in order to reduce the overall surface free energy. The results show the importance of the average solid fraction and contrasting fraction in a wide range of given geometries across the boundary on droplet motion. A unified criterion for contrasting striated surfaces, which describes the displacement and the velocity of the droplets, is suggested, providing guidelines for droplet manipulation on micro-striated/railed surfaces. The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the European Space Agency through ESA Contract No. 4000129506/20/NL/PG and the support received from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) through Grant No. EP/P005705/1. The authors also acknowledge the EC-RISE-ThermaSMART project, which received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 778104

Phase change and complex phenomena in drops and bubbles of pure and binary fluids

Evaporation, wetting and multiphase flows of drops and bubbles are everyday life phenomena with potential impact in many industrial, biological, medical or engineering applications. The understanding and controlling of the physical and chemical mechanisms governing these phenomena have become of paramount importance. This thesis encompasses three topics: evaporation of sessile droplets of polymer solutions, the role of thermocapillarity on self-rewetting fluid dynamics and migration of bubbles in liquid flows. Firstly, the evaporative behaviour of sessile droplets of aqueous polymer solutions and the effect of different molecular weights on the drying process has been studied. Drop shape analysis allowed monitoring the evolution of all stages during drying and indicating the transitions between stages. The mechanisms taking place during the crucial stages of pinning and depinning were illustrated, revealing the effects of adhesion and contact line friction forces on the final morphology of the dried polymeric deposits. Additionally, the effect of varying substrates from hydrophilic to hydrophobic was examined demonstrating the importance of interfacial interaction phenomena. The initial spreading dynamics of binary alcohol mixtures (and pure liquids) deposited on different substrates in partially wetting situations, under non-isothermal conditions was systematically investigated. Moreover, the temporal and spatial thermal dynamics within pure droplets and alcohol mixtures using IR thermography revealed the existence of characteristic thermal patterns due to thermal and/or solutal instabilities. The contribution of the Marangoni effect as an important heat transport mechanism within the evaporating droplets was investigated. The motion of buoyancy-driven bubbles in a vertical microchannel and the significant role of thermocapillarity was reported in this series of experiments. The behaviour of the bubbles in self-rewetting fluid flows departed considerably from that of pure liquids flows. Furthermore, heat transfer coefficient calculations in the single and two phase flows demonstrated that the presence of Marangoni (surface tension) stresses resulted in the enhancement of the heat transfer distribution in the self-rewetting fluid flows compared with the pure ones

Spin Structure of the Proton from Polarized Inclusive Deep-Inelastic Muon-Proton Scattering

We have measured the spin-dependent structure function $g_1^p$ in inclusive deep-inelastic scattering of polarized muons off polarized protons, in the kinematic range $0.003 < x < 0.7$ and $1 GeV^2 < Q^2 < 60 GeV^2$. A next-to-leading order QCD analysis is used to evolve the measured $g_1^p(x,Q^2)$ to a fixed $Q^2_0$. The first moment of $g_1^p$ at $Q^2_0 = 10 GeV^2$ is $\Gamma^p = 0.136\pm 0.013(stat.) \pm 0.009(syst.)\pm 0.005(evol.)$. This result is below the prediction of the Ellis-Jaffe sum rule by more than two standard deviations. The singlet axial charge $a_0$ is found to be $0.28 \pm 0.16$. In the Adler-Bardeen factorization scheme, $\Delta g \simeq 2$ is required to bring $\Delta \Sigma$ in agreement with the Quark-Parton Model. A combined analysis of all available proton and deuteron data confirms the Bjorken sum rule.Comment: 33 pages, 22 figures, uses ReVTex and smc.sty. submitted to Physical Review