Periodic Atlas of the Metroscape: The Geography of Future Housing

In this edition of the Periodic Atlas, we provide a glimpse of housing construction that has been permitted over the past few years, with a focus on multifamily housing. Focusing on recently-permitted units provides a perspective on how the newest housing is and will be different from existing housing. The type of housing that will be built, where it is built, its characteristics, and its price will shape the Portland region in the years to come

J.D.B. and the Maturing of Juvenile Confession Suppression Law

The Supreme Court‘s decision in J.D.B. v. North Carolina in 2011 marks a watershed moment in the jurisprudence of juvenile rights. Addressing a question left open in Miranda v. Arizona more than four decades ago, the Court made clear in J.D.B. that a judicial determination of whether a minor suspect is in custody for Miranda purposes must take into account the age of the suspect because juveniles cannot be held to the same standard as adults. When one considers the broader context of the Court\u27s criminal law jurisprudence of recent years, it is apparent that J.D.B. reflects the Court\u27s willingness to extend, into new areas of criminal law, a recent line of cases that treats age eighteen as a central dividing line in how the Eighth Amendment regulates the sentences of capital punishment and life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. When one looks even further back into Supreme Court history, it is evident that J.D.B. marks a return to special protections for youth that characterized the Court\u27s confession suppression caselaw more than half a century ago. This Article begins by looking back at juvenile confession suppression law in the half century preceding J.D.B. and examines the evolution of the doctrines applied in J.D.B. Part I demonstrates the special solicitude that the Court accorded juveniles half a century ago under the due process standard of voluntariness of statements and examines how and why this special protection was diluted in the ensuing decades. Part II focuses on J.D.B. itself. This section examines the new direction the Court took, the various ways in which J.D.B. diverged from the confession suppression jurisprudence of preceding years, and how the decision built upon the reasoning of recent Eighth Amendment caselaw. We also take a close look at the legislative facts in the J.D.B. decision and consider the implications of the Court having taken judicial notice of these legislative facts. Part III presents our views of the changes that J.D.B. demands of the criminal and juvenile justice systems. Part III.A shows that J.D.B.‘s restructuring of the standard for one aspect of Miranda analysis requires commensurate changes in all other aspects of the Miranda doctrine and other constitutional rules governing police interrogations. Part III.B presents our view that J.D.B., properly extended, requires that counsel be afforded to any minor suspect prior to and during any police interrogation

Measurements of pressures on the tail and aft fuselage of an airplane model during rotary motions at spin attitudes

An investigation was conducted in the Langley Spin Tunnel to measure the pressures on the surface of the horizontal and vertical tail and the aft fuselage of an aircraft model. The pressures were measured on a model of a proposed Australian Primary Trainer airplane configuration while the model was rotating at spinning attitudes. The test results indicate that the presence of the horizontal tail adversely modifies the surface pressure on the vertical tail. The presence of the wing also adversely modifies the pressures on the horizontal and vertical tails

Perceived Risk of AIDS Among Prisoners Following Educational Intervention

A pre/post quasi-experimental design was used to assess the impact of one state\u27s AIDS education program on male (N = 75) and female (N= 65) inmates\u27 perceived risk of HIV infection on the street and in prison. Post-test only comparison groups of male and female inmates were evaluated to control for the threat of testing. T-tests for paired samples were used to determine whether any significant changes occurred within groups (male & female), and t-tests for independent samples were used between groups to determine whether males or females experienced the greatest magnitude of change. Multiple regression analyses explored the relationships between selected independent variables, post-test perceptions, and magnitude of change. The men\u27s levels of perceived risk declined significantly from pre- to post-test, whereas the women\u27s increased (although not significantly) in two of three areas. Regression analyses indicated that change in perceptions was related to various variables (e.g., sex) outside of the prison\u27s control. Implications are discussed, and suggestions are offered for modifying current prison-based programs

Utah Air Quality: PM 2.5

Particulate matter two-point-five (PM2.5) is a tiny suspended particle of air pollution that can penetrate deeply into our lungs and potentially enter the bloodstream. The 2.5 unit means that the particles are smaller than 2.5 micrometers (a micrometer is one millionth of a meter). In Cache Valley and along the Wasatch Front, these tiny particles form and accumulate to unhealthy levels when air is trapped in the bottom of the valley during cold winter days

What Cooperative Extension Professionals Need to Know About Institutional Review Boards

Increasingly, Cooperative Extension professionals are required to have their projects approved by their university Institutional Review Boards. For many, this can be an intimidating task. In this article we provide information that we hope will help ease the confusion and frustration that can sometimes accompany the process. We also present several tips for helping the process go more smoothly

FIRST REPORT OF NECTAR ROBBING BY SWORD-BILLED HUMMINGBIRDS ENSIFERA ENSIFERA

A growing number of hummingbird species are known to practice nectar robbing. Hummingbirds that rob nectar tend to have short bills and to rob flowers with long, tubular corollas that prevent the birds from accessing nectar through its openings. We document that Sword-billed Hummingbirds Ensifera ensifera, which have the longest bills of any hummingbird species, are secondary nectar robbers on flowers of the red angel’s trumpet Brugmansia sanguinea, which have long tubular corollas and are regularly pollinated by Sword-billed Hummingbirds. When obtaining nectar through the floral opening of B. sanguinea, Sword-billed Hummingbirds' heads may be completely enveloped by the flower, severely limiting their vision. Sword-billed Hummingbirds might be at a lower risk of predation when they rob nectar than when they insert their heads into the floral opening. Thus, nectar robbing in this species might function to reduce predation risk, although we have no data to support this speculation

What Cooperative Extension Professionals Need to Know About Institutional Review Boards: Risks and Benefits

More and more, Extension professionals are being asked to first run their needs assessment, program evaluation, and applied research projects through their university\u27s Institutional Review Boards. For many, this can be a confusing task. This article is the third in a series providing tips for preparing IRB proposals and discusses the potential risks and benefits involved in research projects

On-The-Road Testing of the Effects of Driver’s Experience, Gender, Speed, and Road Grade on Car Emissions

On-road vehicles have become a dominant source of air pollution and energy consumption in many parts of the world. As a result, estimating the amount of pollution from these vehicles and analyzing the factors affecting their emission is necessary to understand and manage ambient air quality. Traditionally, automobile emissions have been measured with dynamometer tests using representative driving cycles. A review of the related literature shows that there is a lack of real life, on-the-road testing of automobile emissions. Moreover, a few previous studies have directly discussed the impact of driver variability on emissions from the vehicles. This research analyzes the impacts of driver experience, gender, speed, and road grade on vehicle emissions through on-the-road testing experiment in Logan, Utah, USA during summer of 2016. The methodology of the research starts by selecting a representative car to perform the tests on. The next step was to choose test drivers representing four groups: young males, young females, experienced males, and experienced females. After that, the drivers were assigned a specified route that has different speed limits and grades. Emissions from the car exhaust (specifically carbon monoxide-CO, hydrocarbons-HC, and nitrogen oxides-NOx) in addition to the engines rotational speed (rpm), car speed, and exhaust temperature, were measured every second while driving on the specified route. Statistical analysis of the results shows that contrary to the common stereotypes, experienced drivers emitted 52% more HC and 49% more NOx than young drivers and female drivers, and male drivers emitted 14% more HC and 44% more NOx than female drivers. It also shows that CO emission is not significantly dependent on age, gender, nor driving conditions. Finally, driving through low-speed segments emits significantly higher HC (79%), while driving through uphill segments emits significantly higher (98%) NOx than driving through downhill segment