Estudi i anàlisis per a la implementació d'una fàbrica d'automatismes

L’Objectiu que es pretén és el desenvolupament d’una indústria dedicada a la fabricació de portes automàtiques per a portes de ferrocarrils o trens, per tal de saber si és viable la industria que es pretèn implantar- S’arribarà a aquest objectiu analitzant com a base de partida l’actual mercat de ferrocarrils, els clients potencials, la producció estimada i les necessitats bàsiques, per a poder analitzar en segona fase el layout de la planta de producció i en tercera fase l’anàlisi del solar. Aquest estudi el realitzarem d’una manera àmplia, tot abastant des de temes econòmics o de conjuntura econòmica actual, com aspectes tècnics del procés constructiu, com estudi i valoració de la construcció de la nau, i sense deixar de banda, en cap moment la normativa vigent

Optimization of microalgae production in industrial open reactors

The doctoral thesis has be developed in the framework of the research project "Control and optimization of biomass production with microalgae as a source of renewable energy" (DPI2014-55932-C2-1-R), which is focused on the modeling and control of the combined process of microalgae production and wastewater treatment with industrial reactors. This research project is a continuation of a previous project entitled "Modelling, Control and Optimization of Photobioreactors", where significant results were obtained in the field of modelling and automatic control of microalgae production in closed tubular photobioreactors. The current project continues in the same line, with the application of modelling and control techniques for the optimal production of biomass, but now focused on open photobioreactors, which are the most used worldwide. This thesis aims to improve the knowledge regarding to open reactors characterization, light distribution and utilization by microalgae, mass transfer and oxygen accumulation, as well as the use of control strategies to improve this technology. Both, raceway and thin-layer reactors are considered in this thesis. The information obtained from this thesis is being applied into the European Project Horizon 2020 SABANA focused to the development of microalgae based biorefineries for the improvement of agriculture and aquaculture sectors. The experimental work has been developed at three different locations: (i) “Las Palmerillas” Experimental Station (Almería, Spain) where experiments related with the improvement of open raceway reactors was performed, (ii) “Algatech” Experimental Station (Třeboň, Czech Republic) where experiments related with the evaluation of thin-layer reactors were performed, and (iii) “IFAPA” Experimental Station (Almería, Spain) where experiments related with the modelling of thin-layer cascade reactors were carried out. The major contributions on this thesis can be summarized such as: 1. Characterization and improvement of open raceway reactors Previous works demonstrated that dissolved oxygen accumulation affects to photosynthesis activity. This thesis demonstrates that dissolved oxygen accumulation limits the biomass productivity in raceway reactors if the mass transfer capacity is not improved. Although oxygen is desorbed to the air in the channel and the paddlewheel, this is not enough to remove the oxygen produced by photosynthesis when high biomass productivity is achieved, thus being necessary to include a sump, which adequately designed and operated, contributes to avoid oversaturation of oxygen. Therefore, the mass transfer capacity in the sump must be optimized to compensate the oxygen production rate in the system. Moreover, the influence of gas flow on the mass transfer coefficient was also determined, obtaining a calibrated empirical model. Using this model, it is possible to properlyregulate the air flow in the sump and thus, the reactor operation can be optimized. Full information is available in (Barceló-Villalobos et al., 2018). To improve the productivity of microalgae reactors in order to optimize the light pattern at which the cells are exposed to into the reactors must be optimized. For that, the first step is to know the real light pattern taking place in raceway reactors. This thesis demonstrates that microalgae cells are adapted to local irradiance because of the unfavourable cell movement pattern in raceway reactors. It has also been demonstrated how the light regime at which the microalgae cells are exposed to in a raceway reactor is far from the optimal one required to optimize the performance of microalgae cultures through light integration. Photosynthesis rate measurements were performed along different seasons at different daytime by using different light/dark cycles. These assays confirmed that no light integration exists at 0.15 m water depth. Moreover, it has also been confirmed that the cells are adapted to the local irradiance inside the reactor. Full information is available in (Barceló-Villalobos et al., 2019a). Regarding control strategies, a selective control strategy proposed previously by Pawlowski et al., 2015, has been used to control pH and dissolved oxygen simultaneously. In this control, the pH value is prioritized over the dissolved oxygen value since it has a critical influence on the process performance. This thesis demonstrates the correct functionality of this selective control approach in a semi-industrial raceway (100 m2) operated in semi-continuous mode. Furthermore, the oxygen mass transfer model already developed (Klal sump model) in the present thesis, has been validated in a simulation stage to demonstrate that it is possible to adjust the mass transfer capacity of the system close to the optimal value by controlling gas injections. It is shown that it is possible to reduce gas inflow actuations and control oxygen accumulation in the system by using a feedback control strategy. Finally, it has also been demonstrated that when the dissolved oxygen reference goes down respect to the initial reference (250% Sat), the necessary gas flow is higher (full information is available in Barceló-Villalobos et al., 2019c; Barceló-Villalobos et al., 2019d) 2. Characterization and improvement of thin-layer reactors It has been demonstrated that although thin-layer reactors are currently more productive than raceway reactors, their productivity can also be improved if the operating conditions are optimized close to the optimal culture values. This is the first step in optimizing and scaling-up this type of reactor for industrial applications. This thesis demonstrates the influence of variations of culture parameters (irradiance, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen) on the performance of a microalgae culture. Different assays were done to analyse the system parameters in terms of position inside the reactor and time of the daylight cycle. Results demonstrate that average irradiance and temperature to which the cells are exposed are mainly a function of time, whereas pH and dissolved oxygen concentrations also showed relevant gradients depending on their position inside the reactor. VIII Furthermore, it has also been demonstrated that the existence of culture parameters gradients reduces the performance of the cultures (using two different methodologies: chlorophyll-fluorescence and net photosynthesis rate methods). Moreover, the influence of culture conditions on Scenedesmus almeriensis cell performance was modelled. Full information is available on (Barceló-Villalobos et al., 2019b). The performance of pilot scale thin-layer reactors located in Algatech (Trebon) has been also evaluated. Temperature and dissolved oxygen production have been analysed and modelled at three different pilot-scale thin-layer cascade reactors (small, medium, and large). Different assays were developed to analyse: (i) the variation of culture conditions, (ii) oxygen mass balance and (iii) model the oxygen production. Temperature is a stable parameter along the channel and through the day. On the other hand, dissolved oxygen increases along the channel through the day as it is expected by photosynthesis process. The modelling of oxygen production has been done by using light integration is here reported. Temperature and dissolved oxygen measurements were done along the thin-layer cascade reactor along the day. It was demonstrated that it is more accurately to use the integrated average irradiance parameter than the average irradiance concept, to demonstrate the effective light use into the culture. Full information is available on (Barceló-Villalobos et al., in review)

Seguro de Saúde Individual Variáveis Diferenciadoras do Risco na cobertura de Internamento

Dissertation presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Statistics and Information Management, specialization in Risk Analysis and ManagementO financiamento dos cuidados de saúde em Portugal é assegurado pelo Serviço Nacional de Saúde (SNS); no entanto, para um acesso mais rápido, com mais opção de escolha e comodidade, os portugueses podem recorrer a um seguro de saúde. Para isso, terão que pagar um prémio que é definido de forma idêntica para pessoas com fatores de risco semelhantes. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar que variáveis, dentro de um conjunto de características pessoais, do seguro escolhido, socioeconómicas e de saúde, têm impacto no risco, ou seja, na frequência de sinistralidade e no custo associado. O objetivo desta dissertação consiste na identificação de variáveis diferenciadoras do risco da cobertura de Internamento, para os seguros de saúde individuais. O modelo de risco que identifica as variáveis significativas assenta nos Modelos Lineares Generalizados e será analisado o comportamento do risco das variáveis significativas através de duas técnicas de Machine Learning: Análise de Clusters e Árvores de Decisão. Os dados da carteira foram fornecidos por uma Seguradora a operar em Portugal.The financing of health care in Portugal is provided by the National Health Service (SNS); however, for faster access, with more choice and convenience, the Portuguese can take out health insurance. For this, they will have to pay a premium that is defined identically for people with similar risk factors. The objective of this work is to study which variables, within a set of personal characteristics, of the chosen insurance, socio-economic and health, have an impact on risk, that is, on the frequency of accidents and the cost associated with this loss. The objective of this dissertation is to identify variables differentiating the risk of hospitalization coverage for individual health insurance. The risk model that identifies the significant variables is based on the Generalized Linear Models and the risk behavior of the significant variables will be analyzed through two machine learning techniques: Cluster Analysis and Decision Trees. The portfolio data were provided by an Insurance Company operating in Portugal

Regeneración, transformación y variación somaclonal en fresa (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.)

La fresa(Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) es una planta cuyo fruto es muy apreciado y que está presente en la mayoría de las áreas cultivables del mundo, incluida España, y en particular Andalucía. En este trabajo, se han establecido las bases para abordar su mejora mediante métodos biotecnológicos.Inicialmente, se desarrolló un protocolo de regeneración, a partir de explantos de hoja, que incluye el precultivo en condiciones de oscuridad y posterior transferencia a condiciones de luz (40 µmol.m-2.s-1) en presencia de 2 mg.l-1 BA y 0,5 mg.l-1 AIB. Este protocolo ha permitido regenerar y plantas de los cvs. Chandler y Carisma, así como obtener material transformado. La evaluación, en invernadero, de 16 somaclones de Carisma, mostró la existencia de una gran variabilidad fenotípica; así, la mayoría de ellos tenían una superficie aérea inferior a la del control micropropagado; por otra parte, la capacidad de fructificación también fue muy variable y sólo la mitad de las líneas evaluadas mostraron una producción similar a la del control. La evaluación en invernadero de 26 líneas transgénicas independientes dió unos resultados similares a los obtenidos con el material regenerado no transgénico, lo que parece indicar que la variabilidad observada en líneas transgénicas tiene su base en el proceso de regeneración adventicia más que en el efecto de inserción del transgen. El protocolo desarrollado también se ha utilizado para obtener plantas del cv. Chandler transformadas con el gen Fxacad1 que codifica una cinamil alcohol deshidrogenasa, implicada en la síntesis de lignina y cuya expresión se ha relacionado con la firmeza del fruto de fresa. En la mayoría de las líneas se produjo una cosupresión del gen, alcanzándose niveles de silenciamiento en frutos maduros superiores al 90%, lo que no afectó al crecimiento de la planta ni, en general, a la calidad de los frutos. La firmeza de fruto fue ligeramente inferior al control en la mayoría de las líneas, si bien no se encontró correlación entre el nivel de expresión del gen Fxacad1 y la firmeza. Los resultados obtenidos no parecen indicar que Fxacad1 tenga un papel relevante en la textura del fruto de fresa, pudiendo estar involucrado en otros aspectos del proceso de maduración, como son los relacionados con el aroma. Finalmente, se ha optimizado un protocolo para la obtención y cultivo de protoplastos, así como para la regeneración de plantas, en el cultivar Chandler. El estado fisiológico de la fuente de material y la calidad de los protoplastos obtenidos son críticos, más importantes incluso que las propias condiciones de cultivo. Se ha observado una gran variabilidad morfológica en el material obtenido, tras la evaluación agronómica en condiciones de vivero y campo, fundamentalmente en hábito de crecimiento, capacidad de estolonado, número de foliolos en hoja, capacidad de fructificación y forma de frutos; sin embargo, el nivel de ploidía, cuantificado en algunos de los protoclones, siempre fue idéntico al del control, contrariamente a lo observado por Nyman y Wallin(1992,PCTOC,30:127-133); sin embargo, sí aparecieron diferencias a nivel de marcadores microsatélites

Descripción y estandarización de la iluminación LED para su utilización en el cultivo in vitro de plantas.

Los sistemas basados en tubos fluorescentes de tipo Grolux tienen una capacidad de configuración muy escasa aparte de la mera selección del número de lámparas, su potencia eléctrica y la distancia de separación con las plantas para conseguir los niveles de radiación que se desean obtener. Contrariamente, las lámparas y luminarias LEDs, ofrecen un amplio abanico de parámetros que deben ser caracterizados para poder homogeneizar, estandarizar y contextualizar adecuadamente los experimentos y procesos desarrollados en estas instalaciones. En este trabajo se describen y analizan los parámetros de diseño más relevantes a tener en cuenta en instalaciones de iluminación artificial LED para su uso en cultivo in vitro de plantas: Cantidad de energía radiada incidente en las plantas. Caracterización del espectro de emisión generado. Identificación de emisión lumínica de flujo constante o pulsante. Uniformidad de los niveles de radiación incidente en los distintos puntos de las superficies de trabajo. Calor generado por el equipo de iluminación, en el ambiente de cultivo.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Di-μ-chlorido-bis­{chlorido[(R)/(S)-1,5-di­phenyl-3-(2-pyridyl-κN)-2-pyrazoline-κN 2]zinc(II)}

In the centrosymmetric binuclear title compound, [Zn2Cl4(C20H17N3)2], the coordination geometry of the ZnII ion can be described as a distorted ZnN2Cl3 trigonal bipyramid (τ = 0.89), arising from the N,N′-bidentate ligand, a terminal chloride ion and two bridging chloride ions. The N atoms occupy one axial and one equatorial site and the terminal chloride ion occupies an equatorial site. The dihedral angle between the pyridine and pyrazole rings is 12.8 (2)°. In the crystal, aromatic π–π stacking [centroid–centroid separations = 3.812 (3) and 3.848 (3) Å] and C—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯π inter­actions help to establish the packing

El pasillo. Emprendimiento animado desde la universidad

[EN] Within the entrepreneurship spaces of the Fine Arts School, known as The Corridor, it has been created a small animation ecosystem, which work philosophy is based on synergies to carry out projects. A key point of this philosophy is the internal advice that is provided in all branches of animation knowledgement, as well as members outside this group. To make these spaces better known, they are promoted internal proposals with the support of the school. The most recent examples of this are related to the last Prime the Animation! 5 festival, with the participation of projects at the Blue Room stands area, as well as the Frame-Up. Short animated Films exhibit in Las Naves, with the support of the School, the UPV Master Animation Degree and the Valencia City Council.[ES] Dentro de los espacios de emprendimiento de la Facultad de Bellas Artes de Valencia se ha creado un pequeño ecosistema de animación conocido como El Pasillo, cuya filosofía de trabajo se basa en sinergias para poder realizar proyectos. Un punto clave de esta filosofía es la asesoría interna que se presta en todas aquellas ramas de conocimiento que se posee, tanto a miembros de este grupo como a aquellos estudiantes que quieren iniciar su propuesta. Para dar a conocer los espacios se promueven propuestas internas de alguno de los equipos, con el apoyo de la facultad. Muestras más recientes de ello son las relacionadas con el último festival Prime the Animation! 5 donde los proyectos de los despachos participaron en la zona de “stands” de la Sala Azul, así como en la realización de la exposición FrameUp. Cine breve de animación en Las Naves, con la colaboración de la Facultad, el Máster de Animación UPV y el Ayuntamiento de Valencia.Gil Soriano, M.; Cruz Barceló, J. (2018). El pasillo. Emprendimiento animado desde la universidad. Con A de Animación. (8):74-81. doi:10.4995/caa.2018.9647SWORD7481

Rhamnogalacturonase lyase gene downregulation in strawberry and its potential on mechanical fruit properties

Strawberry softening is one of the main factors that reduces fruit quality and leads to economically important losses. Textural changes during fruit ripening are mainly due to the dissolution of middle lamellae, a reduction in cell-to-cell adhesion and the weakening of parenchyma cell walls as a result of the action of cell wall modifying enzymes. Functional studies of genes encoding pectinase enzymes (polygalacturonase, pectate lyase and -galactosidase) support a key role of pectin disassembly in strawberry softening. Evidence that RG-I may play an important role in strawberry texture has been obtained from the transient silencing of a RG-lyase gene. Pectins are major components of fruit cell walls and highly dynamic polysaccharides, but due to their heterogeneity the precise relation between the structures and functions is incomplete. In this work, stable transgenic strawberry lines with a rhamnogalacturonate lyase gene (FaRGLyase1) down-regulated have been analyzed. Several transgenic lines showing more than 95% silencing of FaRGLyase1 displayed fruit firmness values higher than control. Cell walls from these lines were extracted and analyzed by ELISA and Epitope Detection Chromatography (EDC). This last technique is based on the detection of specific cell wall oligosaccharide epitopes and provides information on sub-populations of pectins containing homogalacturonan and RG-I domains, but also reveals potential links with other cell wall polysaccharides such as xyloglucan. The results obtained indicate that the silencing of FaRGLyase1 reduces degradation of RG-I backbones, but also homogalacturonan, in cell walls, especially in pectin fractions covalently bound to the cell wall. These changes contribute to the increased firmness of transgenic fruits.This research was supported by FEDER EU Funds and the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (grant reference AGL2014-55784-C2), a Marie Curie IEF within the 7th European Community Framework Programme (reference: PIEF-2013-625270) for SP and a FPI fellowship (BES-2015-073616) to support PR-V. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

El proceso de la construcción del nuevo código de la publicidad infantil de juguetes (COPIJ)

Desde que en 1993 la Asociación Española de Fabricantes de Juguetes (AEFJ) y la Unión de Consumidores de España (UCE) elaboraran un Código Deontológico para la Publicidad Infantil se han producido cambios a) tecnológicos, b) socioculturales y c) legislativos que exigían su actualización. El COPIJ, el nuevo Código de la Publicidad Infantil de Juguetes, es el producto de un proyecto con una metodología secuencial en tres fases: revisión bibliográfica, elaboración de propuestas y discusión con expertos. La presente comunicación expone dicho proceso y resume los cambios más relevantes en la comunicación comercial dirigida a menores derivadas de este nuevo documento.Since 1993 when the Spanish Association of Toy Manufacturers (AEFJ) and the Consumers Union of Spain (UCE) developed a Code of Ethics for Advertising Child, changes a) technology, b) sociocultural and c) legislation change have taken place. So, it an update was required. The COPIJ, the new Code of Advertising Children's Toys, is the product of a project, with a three phases methodology : literature review, proposal development, and discussion with experts. This communication presents this process and summarizes the most significant changes in advertising directed to children resulting from this new document