Las inversiones del Estado español en la industria derivada del pescado en el área sahariano-mauritana, 1946-1980

This study looks at the origin and evolution of Spanish state investment in the fish-derived industry in the former Spanish colony of Western Sahara and in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, through the creation by the Spanish National Industry Institute (Instituto Nacional de Industria [INI]) of two companies. One of these was a mixed capital and the other wholly owned by the INI. The aim of the study is to analyse the reasons that led the Franco regime to put the said investment in place; what kind of reaction it elicited in the fishing industry of the Canary Islands in general, and the conservation industry in particular; and, lastly, what the economic and financial results were.Este trabajo explora el origen y evolución que siguieron las inversiones realizadas por el Estado español en la industria derivada del pescado en la antigua colonia del Sahara occidental y en la República Islámica de Mauritania, a través de la creación de dos empresas por parte del Instituto Nacional de Industria, una de carácter mixto y la otra participada enteramente por el INI, con el fin de analizar cuáles fueron las razones que impulsaron al Estado franquista a crearlas; qué tipo de reacción suscitó en la industria pesquera canaria, en general, y conservera, en particular; y, por último, cuáles fueron sus resultados económicos y financieros

La larga puesta en escena de los fosfatos del Sahara Occidental, 1947-1969

ter the discovery of the existence of phosphate in Western Sahara by the geologist Manuel Alía Medina in the year 1945, Spain ordered the National Company of Mining Investigation (Enadimsa) to carry through the investigation and exploitation of the phosphate mining area of Western Sahara with the purpose of providing phospated fertilizers to the national industry. In this job my objective is to analyze the evolution of this first stage of the investigation and taking the mineral deposit into account through the study of the documents of both companies appointed by the INI: Enadimsa and the National Company of Mining of the Sahara S.A (Enminsa). In this paper, I hold that the lack of a clear policy defined by the state and the lack of finance, delayed the exploitation of this mineral deposit until the late years of Franco’s regime.Tras el descubrimiento de la existencia de mineral de fosfato en el Sahara Occidental, realizado por el geólogo Manuel Alía Medina en 1945, el Estado español ordenó a la Empresa Nacional Adaro de Investigaciones Mineras S.A. (Enadimsa) llevar a cabo la investigación y puesta en explotación de la cuenca fosfatífera del Sahara Occidental con el fin de abastecer a la industria nacional de fertilizantes fosfatados. En este trabajo pretendo analizar la evolución de esta primera fase de investigación y puesta en valor del yacimiento a través del estudio de la documentación de las dos empresas designadas por el INI a tal efecto: Enadimsa y la Empresa Nacional Minera del Sahara S.A. (Enminsa). En el texto sostengo que la falta de una política clara y definida por parte del Estado, unido a una escasa financiación, retrasó la puesta en explotación de dicho yacimiento hasta los años finales del franquismo

Reseñas

RESEÑA de : Cuenca Toribio, José Manuel. Parlamentarismo y antiparlamentarismo en España. Madrid : Congreso de los Diputados, 1995. RESEÑA de : Puell de la Villa, Fernando. El soldado descopocido. De la leva a la «mili» (1700-1912). Madrid : Biblioteca Nueva, 1996. RESEÑA de : Teijeiro de la Rosa, Juan Miguel. La Real Hacienda Militar de Femando Vil. Madrid : Ministerio de Defensa, 1995. RESEÑA de : Ageron, Charles-Robert; Marc, Michael. L'ére des décolonisations (Actes du Colloque d'Aix-en-Provence). París : Karthala, 1995. RESEÑA de : Varona Martínez, Gema. La inmigración irregular. Derectios y deberes humanos. Colección Derechos Humanos «P. Francisco de Vitoria». Vitoria-Gasteiz : Ararteko, 1994

Chondrocytes extract from patients with osteoarthritis induces chondrogenesis in infrapatellar fat pad-derived stem cells

Objective: Infrapatellar fat pad of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) contains multipotent and highly clonogenic adipose-derived stem cells that can be isolated by low invasive methods. Moreover, nuclear and cytoplasmic cellular extracts have been showed to be effective in induction of cell differentiation and reprogramming. The aim of this study was to induce chondrogenic differentiation of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from infrapatellar fat pad (IFPSCs) of patients with OA using cellular extracts-based transdifferentiation method. Design: IFPSCs and chondrocytes were isolated and characterized by flow cytometry. IFPSCs were permeabilized with Streptolysin O and then exposed to a cell extract obtained from chondrocytes. Then, IFPSCs were cultured for 2 weeks and chondrogenesis was evaluated by morphologic and ultrastructural observations, immunologic detection, gene expression analysis and growth on 3-D poly (DL-lactic-coglycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds. Results: After isolation, both chondrocytes and IFPSCs displayed similar expression of MSCs surface makers. Collagen II was highly expressed in chondrocytes and showed a basal expression in IFPSCs. Cells exposed to chondrocyte extracts acquired a characteristic morphological and ultrastructural chondrocyte phenotype that was confirmed by the increased proteoglycan formation and enhanced collagen II immunostaining. Moreover, chondrocyte extracts induced an increase in mRNA expression of chondrogenic genes such as Sox9, L-Sox5, Sox6 and Col2a1. Interestingly, chondrocytes, IFPSCs and transdifferentiated IFPSCs were able to grow, expand and produce extracellular matrix (ECM) on 3D PLGA scaffolds. Conclusions:We demonstrate for the first time that extracts obtained from chondrocytes of osteoarthritic knees promote chondrogenic differentiation of autologous IFPSCs. Moreover, combination of transdifferentiated IFPSCs with biodegradable PLGA 3D scaffolds can serve as an efficient system for themaintenance and maturation of cartilage tissue. These findings suggest its usefulness to repair articular surface in OA.This work was supported in part by grants from the Consejería de Economía, Innovación y Ciencia (Junta de Andalucía, excellence project number CTS-6568) and the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, FEDER funds, grant number PI10/02295). We acknowledge the Junta de Andalucía through excellence project number CTS-6568 for providing a fellowship granted to GJ

Superación profesional en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara. Su progresión entre 2012-2014

Fundamento: la superación profesional tiene como objetivo la formación permanente y la actualización sistemática de los graduados universitarios, el perfeccionamiento del desempeño de sus actividades profesionales y académicas, así como el enriquecimiento de su acervo cultural.Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento progresivo de la superación profesional en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara en el curso académico 2013-2014, con respecto al 2012-2013.Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en el que se utilizaron métodos teóricos y empíricos, estos últimos se basaron principalmente en la revisión de las bases de datos de superación profesional de la Dirección de Posgrado; con la información obtenida se realizó el análisis estadístico, para lo cual se utilizaron las frecuencias absolutas y porcentaje.Resultados: en el período analizado predominaron los cursos y talleres como las modalidades más utilizadas; los temas generales fueron estrategias para el análisis de situación de salud, la superación vinculada a los nuevos servicios y tecnologías y otros de formación general integral. El mayor número de incremento en actividades y participantes corresponde al Programa de Enfermedades Transmisibles; el segundo lugar, al de Atención Materno Infantil, le siguen las Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles, el Programa de Atención al Adulto Mayor y el de Suicidio. Todos ellos responden a necesidades expresadas en el cuadro de salud de la provincia.Conclusiones: en la mayoría de los programas de salud se produjeron incrementos considerables en actividades y participantes, lo cual permite aseverar el estado progresivo de la superación profesional en Villa Clara, ocurrido entre 2012-2014

Book Review: \u3ci\u3eSuperstitious Regimes\u3c/i\u3e by Rebecca Nedostup

Superstitious Regimes is an interdisciplinary work that sheds new light on the interaction between the state-body and the religion-body in early twentieth-century China, with a focus on the Nanjing Decade (1927-1937). Nedostup develops her analysis from both a diachronic and synchronic perspective. The author underlines shifts and continuities between a few historical periods: Sun Yat-sen’s time, the early years of the Nanjing Decade, the late years of the Nanjing Decade, and the post-Nanjing Decade. Nedostup’s interdisciplinary study is of interest for a large readership: students and scholars of Chinese studies, Chinese politics, Chinese religions, and Chinese history would all benefit from reading this book, both for its contents and for the research methodologies that the author adopted

Natural resource exploitation in Western Sahara: new research directions

The authors wish to thank the Leverhulme Trust (through their Early Career scheme) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitivity, (CSO2017-86986-P, AEI/FEDER, UE) for funding this research. We would also like to thank Patricia Lalonde for her translations and editorial work, as well as all participants of the 'Analysis of the Management and Exploitation of Natural Resources in Situations of Conflict: The Case of Western Sahara' project (funded by the aforementioned ministry), for their constructive comments on earlier iterations of this paper.This review article provides an overview of research to date with an explicit focus on natural resource exploitation in Western Sahara. It integrates findings from various perspectives and disciplines, and synthesises the research done with a view to revealing gaps and, therefore, potential new research directions. As the issue of natural resource exploitation in Western Sahara has been conceptualised in very different ways and from the perspectives of a variety of disciplines, the authors have opted for a semi-systematic review of the work done encompassing academic, non-academic, and activist backgrounds.Leverhulme TrustSpanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitivity (AEI/FEDER, UE) CSO2017-86986-

PBL aplicado a los estudios de Historia del Arte. Elaboración de materiales didácticos para el Grado en Historia del Arte

El Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos (PBL) es una metodología alternativa y/o complementaria a las nuevas enseñanzas utilizada en muchas universidades del mundo. En el proyecto se ha llevado a cabo, además de un empleo del sistema en las clases, la elaboración de materiales didácticos

Las enferemedades emergentes transmitidas por vectores: Paludismo, dengue, chinkunguya y zika.

Los vectores son animales que transmiten patógenos, entre ellos parásitos, de una persona (o animal) infectada a otra y ocasionan enfermedades graves en el ser humano. Estas enfermedades emergentes y re-emergentes representan un grave problema de salud pública en regiones tropicales y subtropicales, donde gran parte de la población está en riesgo. Los países de escasos recursos son, particularmente, vulnerables al impacto social y económico de estas enfermedades, debido a los recursos limitados en el sector de salud pública para el manejo y prevención de estos padecimiento

Psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of instruments to measure neck pain disability

[EN] Background. The NDI, COM and NPQ are evaluation instruments for disability due to NP. There was no Spanish version of NDI or COM for which psychometric characteristics were known. The objectives of this study were to translate and culturally adapt the Spanish version of the Neck Disability Index Questionnaire (NDI), and the Core Outcome Measure (COM), to validate its use in Spanish speaking patients with non-specific neck pain (NP), and to compare their psychometric characteristics with those of the Spanish version of the Northwick Pain Questionnaire (NPQ). Methods. Translation/re-translation of the English versions of the NDI and the COM was done blindly and independently by a multidisciplinary team. The study was done in 9 primary care Centers and 12 specialty services from 9 regions in Spain, with 221 acute, subacute and chronic patients who visited their physician for NP: 54 in the pilot phase and 167 in the validation phase. Neck pain (VAS), referred pain (VAS), disability (NDI, COM and NPQ), catastrophizing (CSQ) and quality of life (SF-12) were measured on their first visit and 14 days later. Patients' self-assessment was used as the external criterion for pain and disability. In the pilot phase, patients' understanding of each item in the NDI and COM was assessed, and on day 1 test-retest reliability was estimated by giving a second NDI and COM in which the name of the questionnaires and the order of the items had been changed. Results. Comprehensibility of NDI and COM were good. Minutes needed to fill out the questionnaires [median, (P25, P75)]: NDI. 4 (2.2, 10.0), COM: 2.1 (1.0, 4.9). Reliability: [ICC, (95%CI)]: NDI: 0.88 (0.80, 0.93). COM: 0.85 (0.75,0.91). Sensitivity to change: Effect size for patients having worsened, not changed and improved between days 1 and 15, according to the external criterion for disability: NDI: -0.24, 0.15, 0.66; NPQ: -0.14, 0.06, 0.67; COM: 0.05, 0.19, 0.92. Validity: Results of NDI, NPQ and COM were consistent with the external criterion for disability, whereas only those from NDI were consistent with the one for pain. Correlations with VAS, CSQ and SF-12 were similar for NDI and NPQ (absolute values between 0.36 and 0.50 on day 1, between 0.38 and 0.70 on day 15), and slightly lower for COM (between 0.36 and 0.48 on day 1, and between 0.33 and 0.61 on day 15). Correlation between NDI and NPQ: r = 0.84 on day 1, r = 0.91 on day 15. Correlation between COM and NPQ: r = 0.63 on day 1, r = 0.71 on day 15. Conclusion. Although most psychometric characteristics of NDI, NPQ and COM are similar, those from the latter one are worse and its use may lead to patients' evolution seeming more positive than it actually is. NDI seems to be the best instrument for measuring NP-related disability, since its results are the most consistent with patient's assessment of their own clinical status and evolution. It takes two more minutes to answer the NDI than to answer the COM, but it can be reliably filled out by the patient without assistanceS