El Patrimonio paleontológico en los museos y colecciones visitables de Cataluña: evaluación de su gestión

La riqueza del patrimonio paleontológico de Cataluña ha hecho que la Paleontología catalana haya tenido un importante recorrido que se remonta a la segunda mitad del siglo XIX . Este desarrollo histórico ha originado que el patrimonio paleontológico"mueble" se encuentre ubicado dentro de instituciones museísticas de alcance y situaciones muy contrastadas. Para evaluar la situación del patrimonio paleontológico mueble presente en los museos y colecciones visitables de Cataluña, se ha realizado este trabajo de investigación, seleccionando una muestra de las 57 instituciones que tienen colecciones de Paleontología en Cataluña. Los tres objetivos que se pretendían alcanzar eran saber: [1] cuál era la situación y cómo se gestionaba el patrimonio paleontológico, que se encontraba en los museos y colecciones visitables de Cataluña, [2] si el patrimonio paleontológicos se encontraba suficientemente valorado por sus gestores en los museos y colecciones visitables, y por la Administración responsable, [3] cuál podía ser la gestión del patrimonio paleontológico mueble de Cataluña en tiempos de crisis, basándose en experiencias descritas en otros países. Con respecto al primer objetivo se puede decir que las colecciones de Paleontología presentes en los museos y las colecciones visitables de Cataluña son importantes tanto por el número de ejemplares como por su calidad. Indicadores de esta importancia los encontraríamos con los más de 675.000 unidades de registro , y en los más de 1.000 tipos descritos. Pero existen también colecciones de Paleontología de propiedad privada, de las que no se dispone de datos fiables. Las colecciones de Paleontología continúan creciendo tanto por las donaciones y cesiones que se producen por parte de particulares, como los depósitos provisionales provenientes de las actividades de investigación (excavaciones, prospecciones, muestreos, etc....) que realizan los museos y otras instituciones. La comparación de los datos obtenidos en este trabajo, con uno previo de Loran (2006) sobre colecciones de Historia Natural en Cataluña, permiten deducir que la situación prácticamente no ha cambiado. Las carencias y deficiencias que se registran en la gestión y conservación de estas colecciones, son esencialmente las mismas que las descritas para las colecciones de Historia Natural, y tienen su origen en la falta de recursos humanos y materiales. En cuanto al segundo objetivo, la opinión de la gran mayoría de los entrevistados ha confirmado que el patrimonio paleontológico no estaba suficientemente valorado por la Administración competente. Las causas se han atribuido a que el Departament de Cultura de la Generalitat de Cataluña no ha invertido ni los suficientes recursos humanos ni económicos para poner en valor este patrimonio, ni tampoco ha mostrado el suficiente interés en su gestión, conservación y difusión. Finalmente el tercer objetivo que era saber ¿cómo podría afectar la crisis al patrimonio paleontológico conservado en los museos y las colecciones visitables?, partiendo de lo que se ha descrito en otros países. Las respuestas obtenidas permiten afirmar que se podrían producir situaciones de vulnerabilidad en la conservación de los fondos de Paleontología. Tres instituciones podrían tener problemas de conservación, y en otros tres museos peligra su supervivencia. La crisis se ha añadido a situaciones de manifiesta precariedad que se vienen arrastrando desde hace muchos años y que tienen su origen en la falta de inversiones económicas, y de recursos humanos y materiales

New beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain

Three beetles remains from the Lower Cretaceous lithographic limestones of Spain are described. We classified them into two new genus and three new species. One specimen named Tetraphalerus brevicapitis n.sp. was placed in the Cupedidae, and both Megacoptoclava longiurogomphia n.gen., n.sp. and Bolbonectus lithographicus n.gen., n.sp. in Coptoclavidae.Three beetles remains from the Lower Cretaceous lithographic limestones of Spain are described. We classified them into two new genus and three new species. One specimen named Tetraphalerus brevicapitis n.sp. was placed in the Cupedidae, and both Megacoptoclava longiurogomphia n.gen., n.sp. and Bolbonectus lithographicus n.gen., n.sp. in Coptoclavidae

Wasps (Insecta: Vespida = Hymenoptera) from the Early Cretaceous of Spain

Wasps and their relatives from the Lower Cretaceous lithographic limestones of Spain have been studied. Thirty specimens representing 30 species (4 of them with undetermined placement), at least 21 genera and 11 families are recorded. We erect 1 new family - Andrenelidae-, 6 new genera and 11 new species: Meiaghilarella cretacica n.gen., n.sp. (Sepulcidae Ghilarellinae), Eosyntexis catalonicus n.sp., Cretosyntexis montsecensis n.gen., n.sp. (Anaxyelidae Syntexinae), Montsecephialtites zherikhini n.gen., n.sp. (Ephialtitidae Ephialtitinae), Karataus hispanicus n.sp. (Ephialtitidae Symphytopterinae), Manlaya ansorge i n.sp. (Gasteruptiidae Baissinae), Andrenelia pennata n.gen., n.sp. (Andrenelidae n. fam.), Cretoserphus gomezi n.gen., n.sp. (Mesoserphidae), Montsecosphex jarzembow skii n.gen., n.sp., Angarosphex penyalveri n.sp., Pompilopterus (?) noguerensis n.sp. (Sphecidae Angarosphecinae), Cretoscolia conquensis n.sp. (Scoliidae Archaeoscoliinae). The Mesozoic family Ephialtitidae is revisited based on the restudy of the type-species. We compare these Spanish Cretaceous assemblages with other ones from various parts of the world: Central and Eastern Asia, England, Australia, and Brazil. The number of genera and families identified in the Spanish fossil-sites is almost the same as in the English Purbeck and Wealden. The absence of some hymenopteran groups as Xyelidae, is consistent with the warm climate know to exist in Spain during the Early Cretaceous. We conclude that both La Cabrúa and La Pedrera assemblages - the two sites that have yielded the greatest number of species- correspond to the Lower Cretaceous “Baissin type” (sensu Rasnitsyn et al., 1998), but including some Jurassic “survivors”. La Pedrera assemblage fits equally well in the “angarosphecine subtype”, while La Cabrúa roughly corresponds to the “proctotrupid” one, although shows a comparative ly high proportion of angarosphecins. This fact may suggest: a) possibly asynchrony between these two fossilsites, b) environmental differences not reflected in the lithological record, c) different taphonomic processes and/or, d) insufficient sample size - to reflect the reality of the source populations-. La Pedrera assemblage is very similar to those from Weald Clay (England), Bon Tsagan (Mongolia) and Santana (Brazil). La Cabrúa approaches to a some extent, though not quite agrees with the Purbeck (UK), Koonwarra (Australia), and most Lower Cretaceous Asian assemblages

Evolutionary and paleobiological implications of Coleoptera (Insecta) from Tethyan-influenced Cretaceous ambers

The intense study of coleopteran inclusions from Spanish (Albian in age) and French (AlbianeSantonian in age) Cretaceous ambers, both of Laurasian origin, has revealed that the majority of samples belong to the Polyphaga suborder and, in contrast to the case of the compression fossils, only one family of Archostemata, one of Adephaga, and no Myxophaga suborders are represented. A total of 30 families from Spain and 16 families from France have been identified (with almost twice bioinclusions identified in Spain than in France); 13 of these families have their most ancient representatives within these ambers. A similar study had previously only been performed on Lebanese ambers (Barremian in age and Gondwanan in origin), recording 36 coleopteran families. Few lists of taxa were available for Myanmar (Burmese) amber (early Cenomanian in age and Laurasian in origin). Coleopteran families found in Cretaceous ambers share with their modern relatives mainly saproxylic and detritivorous habits in the larval or adult stages, rather than wood-boring behavior. Fifteen of the coleopteran families occur in both the Lebanese and Spanish ambers; while only five are present in both Spanish and French. Considering the paleogeographic proximity and similarity of age of the Spanish and French ambers, the small number of taxa found in common at both areas is surprising. The ancient origin for the Lebanese and Spanish ambers, the paleogeography (including some barriers for terrestrial biota) and the local paleohabitats are factors that may explain the dissimilarity with the French specimens. Wildfires are believed to be a more likely cause of resin production during the Cretaceous than infestation by beetles. Current knowledge of the beetle species found in the Cretaceous ambers is introduced

The earliest occurrence and remarkable stasis of the family Bostrichidae (Coleoptera: Polyphaga)in Cretaceous Charentes amber.

A new fossil species of auger beetle (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), preserved in mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) amber from south-western France, is described as Stephanopachys vetus Peris, Delclòs et Perrichot sp. n. The species is the earliest fossil bostrichid discovered to date, but is remarkably similar to Recent species of the genus Stephanopachys, supporting long morphological conservation in wood boring beetles. The specimen is fossilized in fully opaque amber and was imaged in 3D using propagation phase-contrast X-ray synchrotron microtomography. Based on the ecology of extant related species habits, it is suggested that S. vetus sp. n. was a primary succession pioneer following wildfires in mid-Cretaceous forests. The fossil record of the family is reviewed

Cretaceous mycelia preserving fungal polysaccharides: taphonomic and paleoecological potential of microorganisms preserved in fossil resins

The cortices of pieces of Cretaceous amber around the world commonly are constituted by networks of filamentous structures. Based on their morphological characteristics, such structures have previously been classified in different microorganismal groups. Their correct interpretation, however, is of great importance to establish the conditions of the resin's burial in the forest litter, and can provide important clues regarding the ecology and environmental conditions of Cretaceous resinous forests. Because these networks of filamentous structures present typical fungal morphological features we conducted a study in order to resolve their origin. The cortices of several pieces of Cretaceous amber from Spain were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. This is the first time that Calcofluor white and Wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate have been employed as fungal markers in amber, and their use enabled us to detect preserved polysaccharides in the filamentous structures using confocal laser scanning microscopy. These results provide the first and oldest record of ß-1,3 and ß-1,4-linked polysaccharides, and specifically N-acetylglucosamine residues from chitin in a fossil fungus preserved in amber, and to demonstrate that the networks of filamentous structures are mycelia composed of profuse hyphae of a resinicolous fungus. This type of mycelium constitutes one of the largest fungal fossil records known. Using taphonomic data, it is demonstrated that the cortices originated during the Cretaceous due to fungal growth within non-solidified resin. The fossil diagenetic degradation sequence of the fungal hyphae and the surrounding amber is described. This degradation changed the microscopic appearance of the hyphae; thus, some of the previously indicated taxonomic features of this microorganism may actually be fossil diagenetic artifacts. The paleoecological implications with regard to fungal trophic requirements and forest environmental conditions are discusse

Terrestrial Isopods from Spanish Amber (Crustacea: Oniscidea): Insights into the Cretaceous Soil Biota.

Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Oniscidea) are a model group for studying the colonization of land. However, their fossil record is remarkably scarce and restricted to amber inclusions, and therefore amber deposits represent valuable windows to their past diversity and morphology. Here we present a new collection of 11 terrestrial isopod specimens preserved in Albian-aged amber from the Peñacerrada I outcrop, northern Spain, which collectively represent the most thoroughly documented fauna of Mesozoic Oniscidea. The three new genera and species identified belong to three of five major groups of the Oniscidea: Eoligiiscus tarraconensis, new genus and species (Ligiidae), Autrigoniscus resinicola, new genus and species (Synocheta: Trichoniscidae), and Heraclitus helenae, new genus and species (Crinocheta: Detonidae?). These taxa significantly expand the known fossil record of Oniscidea and demonstrate that considerable cladogenesis had already transpired by the Albian. The assemblage represents the earliest-known diversification of Oniscidea, extending direct evidence of terrestrialization in the group back to the late Early Cretaceous. These new taxa exhibit some characteristics that may inform hypotheses relating to general patterns of terrestrial isopod evolution. A discussion is provided about different aspects of the paleoecology and biology of the fossils compared to the Recent fauna. The new species indicate that Cretaceous isopods were a group of considerable adaptive diversity, exhibiting innovations analogous to what Recent isopods would exhibit 105 million years later

Unravelling the mystery of 'Madagascar copal': Age, origin and preservation of a Recent resin

The loss of biodiversity during the Anthropocene is a constant topic of discussion, especially in the top biodiversity hotspots, such as Madagascar. In this regard, the study of preserved organisms through time, like those included in 'Madagascar copal', is of relevance. 'Madagascar copal' originated from the leguminous tree Hymenaea verrucosa, which produced and produces resin abundantly. In the last 20 years, interest has focused on the scientific study of its biological inclusions, mainly arthropods, described in dozens of publications. The age and origin of the deposits of 'Madagascar copal' have not yet been resolved. Our objectives are to determine its age and geographical origin, and thus increase its scientific value as a source of biological/palaeobiological information. Although Hymenaea was established in Madagascar during the Miocene, we did not find geological deposits of copal or amber in the island. It is plausible that the evolution of those deposits was negatively conditioned by the type of soil, by the climate, and by the development of soil/litter microorganisms, which inhibit preservation of the resin pieces in the litter and subsoil over 300 years. Our results indicate that 'Madagascar copal' is a Recent resin, up to a few hundred years old, that originated from Hymenaea trees growing in the lowland coastal forests, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world. The included and preserved biota is representative of that ecosystem today and during historical times. Inclusions in this Recent resin do not have the palaeontological significance that has been mistakenly attributed to them, but they do have relevant implications for studies regarding Anthropocene biodiversity loss in this hottest hotspot