Incidencia de la caligrafía canónica específicamente con letra script en los problemas de legibilidad en niños de grado quinto de primaria del Colegio Luis Carlos González Mejía

Este trabajo de investigación cuantitativa de tipo experimental didáctico, tiene como objetivo determinar la influencia de la enseñanza de la caligrafía canónica específicamente con letra script sobre los problemas de legibilidad, en los estudiantes de grado quinto de la institución educativa Luis Carlos González Mejía; haciendo énfasis en la legibilidad gráfica, con la cual se busca la configuración de las palabras, para que éstas sean legibles, es decir, que con una vista rápida se pueda leer independientemente de cada variable gráfica

Contribución al desarrollo social a través de la extensión universitaria

La Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira (UTP), a través de la Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones Innovación y Extensión, busca promover la extensión universitaria como una estrategia que permite el intercambio, la aplicación y la integración del conocimiento científico, tecnológico, artístico y cultural; al igual que la vinculación con la realidad social, cultural, económica y productiva de la región y del país, al darle valor a las capacidades institucionales y al generar una articulación e integración entre la docencia y la investigación, la cual permita la identificación de problemáticas y la propuesta de alternativas de solución; además de las oportunidades en el sector externo para realizar intervenciones y alianzas que conduzcan a fortalecer y aportar al desarrollo económico, cultural y el bienestar de la comunidad en general. En este sentido, para el año 2018 se ofertó, a los miembros de la comunidad universitaria, la «Convocatoria interna para la financiación de proyectos de extensión social, cultural y artístico» cuya ejecución se realizaría en el año 2019 y cuyo objetivo era fomentar el desarrollo de proyectos de carácter social, cultural, artístico, los cuales permitieran la solución y transformación de problemáticas que involucraran o beneficiaran sectores de diferentes comunidades. En esta convocatoria fueron financiados catorce proyectos que involucran a diferentes estamentos de la sociedad civil en torno al planteamiento y a la discusión de problemáticas, conflictos y sus posibles soluciones, así como a la identificación de oportunidades de progresos tecnológicos, ambientales, educativos o de creación artística, los cuales involucren o beneficien sectores de diferentes comunidades

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Assessing equity in accessibility to haemodialysis services by automobile in Cali, Colombia : Cross-sectional analyses using publicly available data

Objectives: To obtain dynamic spatial-temporal measurements of driving times to haemodialysis services and estimate the benefits of adding new services. Design: Cross-sectional analyses of dynamic spatial-temporal accessibility, considering traffic congestion. A web-based platform integrated traffic analysis zones, public census and health services datasets, with Google Distance Matrix API big travel-time big data. Predictive and prescriptive analytics identified optimal locations for new haemodialysis services and estimated accessibility improvements. Setting and participants: Cali, Colombia (2020 population: 2.258 million) using geographic and disaggregated sociodemographic data from the adjusted 2018 Colombian census. Predicted travel times were obtained for 6-12 July and 23-29 November 2020. This study is part of a project measuring accessibility to health services. Primary and secondary outcomes: Percentage of residents within 20 minutes by car of a haemodialysis service at peak- and free-flow traffic congestion. Locations where new services maximise accessibility and estimated improvements. Findings were disaggregated by sociodemographic characteristics, providing an equity perspective. Results: Accessibility was lower in July, without COVID-19 traffic restrictions. Traffic congestion reduces accessibility to haemodialysis, hurting more less-educated people, residents of low-income housing and outlying neighbourhoods, and specific ethnic groups. For 6-12 July, free-flow and peak-traffic accessibility were 95.2% and 45.0%, respectively; 19.9% at peak traffic for the lowest-income stratum. Adding services in the Agua Blanca district and southern Cali would increase peak traffic accessibility to 70.2% and 62.4% for the lowest-income stratum. Accessibility for 23-29 November was better. Conclusions: New haemodialysis services in eastern Cali would improve accessibility and reduce inequities. Dynamic accessibility measures improve health services and land-use planning

Improving Accessibility to Radiotherapy Services in Cali, Colombia : Cross-Sectional Equity Analyses Using Open Data and Big Data Travel Times from 2020

In this study, we employed a methodology to evaluate and forecast the cumulative opportunities for residents to access radiotherapy services in Cali, Colombia, while accounting for traffic congestion from an equity perspective. Furthermore, we identified 1-2 optimal locations where new services would maximise accessibility. We utilised open data and publicly available big data. Methodology: Using a people-centred approach, we tested a web-based digital platform developed through design thinking. The platform integrates open data, including the location of radiotherapy services, the disaggregated sociodemographic microdata for the population and places of residence, and big data for travel times from Google Distance Matrix API. We used genetic algorithms to search heuristics to identify optimal locations for new services. We predicted accessibility cumulative opportunities (ACO) for traffic ranging from peak congestion to free-flow conditions at hourly assessments for 6-12 July 2020 and 23-29 November 2020. The interactive digital platform is openly available. Primary and Secondary Outcomes: We present descriptive statistics and population distribution heatmaps based on 20-minute Accessible Catchment Area (ACO) isochrones for car journeys. These isochrones connect the population-weighed centroid of the traffic analysis zone at the place of residence to the corresponding zone of the radiotherapy service with the shortest travel time under varying traffic conditions, ranging from free-flow to peak-traffic congestion levels. Additionally, we conducted a time-series bivariate analysis to assess geographical accessibility based on economic stratum. We identify 1-2 optimal locations where new services would maximise the 20-minute ACO during peak-traffic congestion. Results: Traffic congestion significantly diminished accessibility to radiotherapy services, particularly affecting vulnerable populations. For instance, urban 20-minute ACO by car dropped from 91% during free-flow traffic to 31% during peak traffic for the week of 6-12 July 2020. Specific ethnic groups, individuals with lower educational attainment, and residents in the outskirts of Cali experienced disproportionate effects, with accessibility decreasing to 11% during peak traffic compared to 81% during free-flow traffic for low-income households. We predict that strategically adding sufficient services in 1-2 locations in eastern Cali would notably enhance accessibility and reduce inequities. The recommended locations for new services remained consistent in both of our measurements. These findings underscore the significance of prioritising equity and comprehensive care in healthcare accessibility. They also offer a practical approach to optimising service locations to mitigate disparities. Expanding this approach to encompass other transportation modes, services, and cities, or updating measurements, is feasible and affordable. The new approach and data are particularly relevant for planning authorities and urban development actors

Assessment of plasma chitotriosidase activity, CCL18/PARC concentration and NP-C suspicion index in the diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease type C : A prospective observational study

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a rare, autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in either the NPC1 or NPC2 genes. The diagnosis of NP-C remains challenging due to the non-specific, heterogeneous nature of signs/symptoms. This study assessed the utility of plasma chitotriosidase (ChT) and Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18)/pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine (PARC) in conjunction with the NP-C suspicion index (NP-C SI) for guiding confirmatory laboratory testing in patients with suspected NP-C. In a prospective observational cohort study, incorporating a retrospective determination of NP-C SI scores, two different diagnostic approaches were applied in two separate groups of unrelated patients from 51 Spanish medical centers (n = 118 in both groups). From Jan 2010 to Apr 2012 (Period 1), patients with ≥2 clinical signs/symptoms of NP-C were considered 'suspected NP-C' cases, and NPC1/NPC2 sequencing, plasma chitotriosidase (ChT), CCL18/PARC and sphingomyelinase levels were assessed. Based on findings in Period 1, plasma ChT and CCL18/PARC, and NP-C SI prediction scores were determined in a second group of patients between May 2012 and Apr 2014 (Period 2), and NPC1 and NPC2 were sequenced only in those with elevated ChT and/or elevated CCL18/PARC and/or NP-C SI ≥70. Filipin staining and 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) measurements were performed in all patients with NP-C gene mutations, where possible. In total across Periods 1 and 2, 10/236 (4%) patients had a confirmed diagnosis o NP-C based on gene sequencing (5/118 [4.2%] in each Period): all of these patients had two causal NPC1 mutations. Single mutant NPC1 alleles were detected in 8/236 (3%) patients, overall. Positive filipin staining results comprised three classical and five variant biochemical phenotypes. No NPC2 mutations were detected. All patients with NPC1 mutations had high ChT activity, high CCL18/PARC concentrations and/or NP-C SI scores ≥70. Plasma 7-KC was higher than control cut-off values in all patients with two NPC1 mutations, and in the majority of patients with single mutations. Family studies identified three further NP-C patients. This approach may be very useful for laboratories that do not have mass spectrometry facilities and therefore, they cannot use other NP-C biomarkers for diagnosis

Divulgación Científica No. 5

En los países iberoamericanos, así como en otras regiones del mundo, existe una discusión permanente sobre el deterioro el medioambiente. Las instituciones de educación superior contamos con una vasta producción bibliográfica que queremos compartir con todos los interesados y con la sociedad. Por esa razón, la Asociación de Editoriales Universitarias de América Latina y el Caribe (Eulac)* dando continuidad a nuestro proyecto de editoriales universitarias Enlazadas, presentamos este año la propuesta Enlazadas por el medioambiente, que abordará esta inquietud desde diversos ejes en el marco de las ferias del libro más importantes del mundo.In Ibero-American countries, as well as in other regions of the world, there is a permanent discussion about the deterioration of the environment. Higher education institutions have a vast bibliographic production that we want to share with all interested parties and with society. For this reason, the Association of University Presses of Latin America and the Caribbean (Eulac)*, giving continuity to our project of Enlazadas university presses, we present this year the proposal Enlazadas for the environment, which will address this concern from various axes within the framework of the most important book fairs in the world

Reporte de las cláusulas de derecho internacional y política exterior de las constituciones Latinoamericanas 2021: Guía didáctica sobre la implementación, incorporación, eficacia y desarrollo del derecho internacional en las constituciones de América Latina

El reporte 2021 realizado por los estudiantes del curso “constitución, convencionalidad y derecho internacional” del pregrado en Derecho de la Facultad de Jurisprudencia de la Universidad del Rosario, presenta el estudio de la relación entre la constitución y el derecho internacional, a través de las cláusulas constitucionales de veintiséis (26) países de América Latina, especialmente en lo que respecta a su cláusula de supremacía constitucional; seguido de un ejemplo analizado de una cláusula en su correspondiente constitución que desarrolle la noción de “constitución internacional” y “constitución exterior”. Igualmente, el reporte presenta dos listados que enumeran el total de los artículos de la constitución que hacen referencia expresa al derecho internacional, y todas aquellas clausulas relevantes para las relaciones internacionales que desarrollen conceptos de política exterior en la constitución de cada Estado