La Evolución del Derecho Penal y la protección al Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales en El Salvador

Esta investigación tiene como objeto de estudio determinar y analizar la evolución del derecho penal y la protección al medio ambiente y recursos naturales, siendo así este el estudio principal en el cual se ha basado toda la investigación, por ese motivo resulta de mucha importancia estudiar como eje principal sus antecedentes que se dieron atreves del tiempo, así como en los diferentes códigos penales en la aplicación de determinadas sanciones, en sí, todas sus etapas. Respecto al derecho penal como tal y el medio ambiente se estudiaron los principios jurídicos de ambos, para tener un mejor resultado en la investigación, así mismo estudiando diferentes aspectos doctrinarios que se han desarrollado de manera concre6ta y específica. Siendo así en lo concerniente a la Descripción de la Evolución del Derecho Penal a la protección del Bien Jurídico del Medio Ambiente y sus Recursos Naturales, donde en términos generales ha señalado el profesor Arrieta Gallegos en la formalización de nuevas organizaciones judiciales en El Salvador, y es ahí donde se ve una evolución a dicha protección del medio ambiente a través de los años. Una vez concretado el estudio y la investigación se realiza un analices sobre La Evolución del Derecho Penal Ambiental, tomando en cuenta las Etapas Generales de la Evolución del Derecho Penal Ambiental y así concluir directamente con un Análisis comparativo de Evolución del Derecho Penal Ambiental

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Optimization of adsorptive removal of α-toluic acid by CaO2 nanoparticles using response surface methodology

The present work addresses the optimization of process parameters for adsorptive removal of α-toluic acid by calcium peroxide (CaO2) nanoparticles using response surface methodology (RSM). CaO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical precipitation method and confirmed by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) analysis which shows the CaO2 nanoparticles size range of 5–15 nm. A series of batch adsorption experiments were performed using CaO2 nanoparticles to remove α-toluic acid from the aqueous solution. Further, an experimental based central composite design (CCD) was developed to study the interactive effect of CaO2 adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of α-toluic acid, and contact time on α-toluic acid removal efficiency (response) and optimization of the process. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the significance of the individual and the interactive effects of variables on the response. The model predicted response showed a good agreement with the experimental response, and the coefficient of determination, (R2) was 0.92. Among the variables, the interactive effect of adsorbent dosage and the initial α-toluic acid concentration was found to have more influence on the response than the contact time. Numerical optimization of process by RSM showed the optimal adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of α-toluic acid, and contact time as 0.03 g, 7.06 g/L, and 34 min respectively. The predicted removal efficiency was 99.50%. The experiments performed under these conditions showed α-toluic acid removal efficiency up to 98.05%, which confirmed the adequacy of the model prediction