Entropy and Fractal Techniques for Monitoring Fish Behaviour and Welfare in Aquacultural Precision Fish Farming—A Review

In a non-linear system, such as a biological system, the change of the output (e.g., behaviour) is not proportional to the change of the input (e.g., exposure to stressors). In addition, biological systems also change over time, i.e., they are dynamic. Non-linear dynamical analyses of biological systems have revealed hidden structures and patterns of behaviour that are not discernible by classical methods. Entropy analyses can quantify their degree of predictability and the directionality of individual interactions, while fractal dimension (FD) analyses can expose patterns of behaviour within apparently random ones. The incorporation of these techniques into the architecture of precision fish farming (PFF) and intelligent aquaculture (IA) is becoming increasingly necessary to understand and predict the evolution of the status of farmed fish. This review summarizes recent works on the application of entropy and FD techniques to selected individual and collective fish behaviours influenced by the number of fish, tagging, pain, preying/feed search, fear/anxiety (and its modulation) and positive emotional contagion (the social contagion of positive emotions). Furthermore, it presents an investigation of collective and individual interactions in shoals, an exposure of the dynamics of inter-individual relationships and hierarchies, and the identification of individuals in groups. While most of the works have been carried out using model species, we believe that they have clear applications in PFF. The review ends by describing some of the major challenges in the field, two of which are, unsurprisingly, the acquisition of high-quality, reliable raw data and the construction of large, reliable databases of non-linear behavioural data for different species and farming conditions.The work was supported by the Spanish MINECO (Grant RTC-2014–2837-2- “SELATUN: Minimización de la problemática del mercurio del atún y valorización del atún como alimento saludable, Programa Retos-Colaboración 2014”. The funding source had no involvement in the preparation of this manuscript

Non-Linear Analyses of Fish Behaviours in Response to Aquatic Environmental Pollutants—A Review

Analysis of fish behaviour is an effective way to indirectly identify the presence of environmental pollutants that negatively affect fish life, its production and quality. Monitoring individual and collective behaviours produces large amounts of non-linear data that require tailor-suited computational methods to interpret and manage the information. Fractal dimension (FD) and entropy are two groups of such non-linear analysing methods that serve as indicators of the complexity (FD) and predictability (entropy) of the behaviours. Since behavioural complexity and predictability may be modulated by contaminants, the changes in its FD and entropy values have a clear potential to be embedded in a biological early warning system (BEWS), which may be particularly useful in Precision Fish Farming settings and to monitor wild populations. This work presents a review of the effects of a wide range of environmental contaminants, including toxic compounds, cleaning and disinfecting agents, stimulant (caffeine), anaesthetics and antibiotics, heavy metals (lead, cupper, and mercury), selenium, pesticides and persistent environmental pollutants, on the FD and entropy values of collective and individual behavioural responses of different fish species. All the revised studies demonstrate the usefulness of both FD and entropy to indicate the presence of pollutants and underline the need to consider early changes in the trend of the evolution of their values prior to them becoming significantly different from the control values, i.e., while it is still possible to identify the contaminant and preserve the health and integrity of the fish.The work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad MINECO (Grant RTC-2014–2837-2 “SELATUN: Minimización de la problemática del mercurio del atún y valorización del atún como alimento saludable, Programa Retos-Colaboración 2014”. The funding source had no involvement in the preparation of this manuscript. I. Martinez is supported by IKERBASQUE (Basque Foundation for Science)

The Shannon Entropy Trend of a Fish System Estimated by a Machine Vision Approach Seems to Reflect the Molar Se:Hg Ratio of Its Feed

The present study investigates the suitability of a machine vision-based method to detect deviations in the Shannon entropy (SE) of a European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) biological system fed with different selenium: mercury (Se:Hg) molar ratios. Four groups of fish were fed during 14 days with commercial feed (control) and with the same feed spiked with 0.5, 5 and 10 mg of MeHg per kg, giving Se: Hg molar ratios of 29.5 (control-C-1); 6.6, 0.8 and 0.4 (C-2, C-3 and C-4). The basal SE of C-1 and C-2 (Se:Hg > 1) tended to increase during the experimental period, while that of C-3 and C-4 (Se:Hg < 1) tended to decrease. In addition, the differences in the SE of the four systems in response to a stochastic event minus that of the respective basal states were less pronounced in the systems fed with Se: Hg molar ratios lower than one (C-3 and C-4). These results indicate that the SE may be a suitable indicator for the prediction of seafood safety and fish health (i.e., the Se: Hg molar ratio and not the Hg concentration alone) prior to the displaying of pathological symptoms. We hope that this work can serve as a first step for further investigations to confirm and validate the present results prior to their potential implementation in practical settings.We wish to thank Grupo Tinamenor (Cantabria, Spain) for providing the European seabass. Jose Antonio Carrero, of the Department of Analytical Chemistry of the University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, measured the concentrations of Hg and Se in the feeds by ICP-MS. The work was supported by grants from the Spanish MINECO (RTC-2014-2837-2-"SELATUN: Minimizacion de la problematica del mercurio del atun y valorizacion del atun como alimento saludable, Programa Retos-Colaboracion 2014" and CTM2012-40203-C02-01-"BMW: Biomarcadores estandar de base cientifica en mejillon para diagnosticar y monitorizar los efectos biologicos de la polucion en el Golfo de Bizkaia: implementacion de la DEME"), Euskampus Fundazioa-Campus of International Excellence (307615SAA2) and from the Basque Government Elkartek Grant KK-2016/00057-"MAROMEGA: Nuevas alternativas para la produccion de omega-3 a partir derecursos marinos". The funding sources had no involvement in the preparation of this manuscript. We would like to express our gratitude to the three anonymous reviewers for their useful comments in order to improve this manuscript

Los museos de Arte Contemporáneo en la etapa de Educación Infantil

Actualmente nos encontramos en plena evolución. Los museos de Arte Contemporáneo, son mucho más que meros contenedores de obras artísticas, podemos considerar que son grandes instituciones enfocadas a la educación. Sin embargo, el Arte Contemporáneo, a pesar de su gran importancia para el desarrollo en edades tempranas, pasa a un segundo plano en las aulas actuales de Educación Infantil. El Arte Contemporáneo es una herramienta esencial para el desarrollo integral de los más pequeños. Durante este trabajo Fin de Grado, hemos realizado una investigación sobre los recursos didácticos web, ofertados por las diferentes páginas oficiales de los Museos de Arte Contemporáneo de España. Para ello, hemos utilizado un instrumento llamado OEPE, instrumento clave en investigación patrimonial. A través de diferentes ítems planteados, se ha elaborado un minucioso análisis, donde posteriormente hemos analizado todos los datos obtenidos.Grado en Educación Infanti

Proteomic Strategies to Evaluate the Impact of Farming Conditions on Food Quality and Safety in Aquaculture Products

This review presents the primary applications of various proteomic strategies to evaluate the impact of farming conditions on food quality and safety in aquaculture products. Aquaculture is a quickly growing sector that represents 47% of total fish production. Food quality, dietary management, fish welfare, the stress response, food safety, and antibiotic resistance, which are covered by this review, are among the primary topics in which proteomic techniques and strategies are being successfully applied. The review concludes by outlining future directions and potential perspectives.This research was funded by GAIN-Xunta de Galicia Project (IN607D 2017/01) and the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund through project CTM2017-84763-C3-1-R. M.C. is supported by the Ramón y Cajal Contract (RYC-2016-20419, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain)

Shannon Entropy in a European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) System during the Initial Recovery Period after a Short-Term Exposure to Methylmercury

Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental contaminant of increasing relevance as a seafood safety hazard that affects the health and welfare of fish. Non-invasive, on-line methodologies to monitor and evaluate the behavior of a fish system in aquaculture may make the identification of altered systems feasible-for example, due to the presence of agents that compromise their welfare and wholesomeness-and find a place in the implementation of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points and Fish Welfare Assurance Systems. The Shannon entropy (SE) of a European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) system has been shown to differentiate MeHg-treated from non-treated fish, the former displaying a lower SE value than the latter. However, little is known about the initial evolution of the system after removal of the toxicant. To help to cover this gap, the present work aims at providing information about the evolution of the SE of a European seabass system during a recuperation period of 11 days following a two-week treatment with 4 mu g center dot MeHg/L. The results indicate that the SE of the system did not show a recovery trend during the examined period, displaying erratic responses with daily fluctuations and lacking a tendency to reach the initial SE values.We wish to thank Grupo Tinamenor (Cantabria, Spain) for providing the European sea bass, Urtzi Izagirre for his contribution to the design of the experimental treatments, and Xabier Lekube and Gregor Bwye for technical assistance. The work received financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Project number: CTM2012-40203-C02-01, Towards science-based standard biomarker methods, suitable to diagnose and monitor pollution biological effects in the Bay of Biscay for the purpose of implementing the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive-BMW and Project number: RTC-2014-2837-2, Minimizacion de la problematica del mercurio del atun y valorizacion del atun como alimento saludable-SELATUN

Protein Signatures to Trace Seafood Contamination and Processing

This review presents some applications of proteomics and selected spectroscopic methods to validate certain aspects of seafood traceability. After a general introduction to traceability and the initial applications of proteomics to authenticate traceability information, it addresses the application of proteomics to trace seafood exposure to some increasingly abundant emergent health hazards with the potential to indicate the geographic/environmental origin, such as microplastics, triclosan and human medicinal and recreational drugs. Thereafter, it shows the application of vibrational spectroscopy (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Fourier-Transform Raman Spectroscopy (FT Raman)) and Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LF-NMR) relaxometry to discriminate frozen fish from thawed fish and to estimate the time and temperature history of frozen fillets by monitoring protein modifications induced by processing and storage. The review concludes indicating near future trends in the application of these techniques to ensure seafood safety and traceability.This research was funded by GAIN-Xunta de Galicia Project (IN607D 2017/01) and the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund through projects CTM2017-84763-C3-1-R and AGL2015-68248-C2-1-R (ANIRISK). Mónica Carrera is supported by the Ramón y Cajal Contract (RYC-2016-20419, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain)

Post-mortem degradation of myosin heavy chain in intact fish muscle: Effects of pH and enzyme inhibitors

Fish muscle is rapidly degraded during post-mortem storage, due to proteolytic enzymes acting probably both on muscle cells and connective tissue. In this work we have developed a model system which may be used to study the enzymatic degradation occurring in intact post-mortem fish muscle. Degradation of myosin heavy chain (MHC) was monitored in muscle with pH adjusted to 6.05, 6.3 and 6.9 and in the presence of the enzyme inhibitors PMSF, EDTA, phenanthroline, pepstatin A, antipain, E-64 and the cysteine proteinase activator dithiothreithol (DTT). After storage, myofibrillar proteins were isolated and MHC-specific antibodies used to study the degradation in the different samples. MHC from muscle with pH 6.05 and 6.3 was degraded, while no severe degradation was observed at pH 6.9. Introduction of enzyme inhibitors into the muscle tissue clearly showed that mainly cysteine and aspartic proteinases are responsible for the in situ MHC degradation. This is supported by the severe breakdown of MHC in the muscle samples containing DTT.Peer reviewe

Evaluation of a fast method based on the presence of two restriction sites in the mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) gene for the identification of scomber species

9 páginasThe purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicusPeer reviewe

Some considerations about drones and their impact on Civil Law

El uso cada vez más extendido de los, comúnmente, denominados drones está planteando muchas cuestiones en el ámbito jurídico. El Derecho Civil no ha podido permanecer ajeno ante este nuevo panorama y este reciente marco que puede propiciar fácilmente la lesión de los derechos, sobre todo, de la personalidad. De este modo, el Derecho Civil ha de enfrentarse al reto de la protección de los datos personales, la intimidad, el honor y la propia imagen o la propiedad intelectual. No obstante, incluso en un ámbito que, en cierto modo puede parecer lejano, como es el contractual, la utilizaciónde los drones ha tenido su impacto.The increasingly widespread use of drones raises many questions in the legal field. Civil Law has not been able to remain oblivious to this new scenario and this recent framework, that can easily lead to the injury of our rights. In this way, Civil Law must face the challenge of the protection of personal data, privacy, honour, and image or intellectual property. However, even in an area that, in a certain way, may seem distant, such as the contractual one, the use of drones has had its impact.