Aproximaciones cuantitativas y aspectos cualitativos de la emigración andaluza a Brasil y Cuba (1880-1940)

Tomo II ; págs. 245-27

The penal protection of the unborn child and the crime of injury to the fetus: historical background and analysis of its current regulation

El objetivo de la investigación es determinar sí el sistema legal tenía medios suficientes para garantizar la salud humana antes de que el Código Penal de 1995, entrara en vigor, para prevenir la agresión prenatal, y, o sí existía una laguna punitiva. Así de forma expresa queda regulado en nuestro Código Penal de 1995, por primera vez, el delito de lesiones al feto, en los artículos 157 y 158 del Código Penal, que recogen el tipo doloso y culposo, respectivamente, de las lesiones al feto. El delito de lesiones al feto, sirvió para fijar el término feto, porque ha sido preciso determinar, desde cuándo se puede hablar de feto, escogiendo la teoría del plazo, porque considero el inicio de la vida comienza a partir de los tres meses desde un punto de vista doctrinal, lo que queda refrendado a través de la STS de fecha 11/4/1985. Asimismo, delimitado el concepto de feto, es imprescindible establecer la frontera con la persona, para saber, cuándo nos hallamos ante un ser nacido, y desde el punto de vista médico el nacimiento normal comienza con las >, así es que el conocimiento del parto pone fin al estadio fetal y se constituye en persona lo que antes era nasciturus. Se establecen los requisitos para prestar el consentimiento, capacidad de la persona que emite el consentimiento, emitirse antes de la acción del sujeto activo y mantenerse durante la ejecución libre (sin error ni engaño) e informado (escrito, oral de forma continuada, completa (medios del centro, alternativas del tratamiento). Se configura un delito de resultado que requiere causar una lesión o enfermedad que perjudique el normal desarrollo o provoque graves taras físicas o psíquicas. El artículo 158CP recoge el tipo básico del delito de lesiones al feto por imprudencia grave, que es aquella omisión de todas las precauciones o medidas adecuadas al menos, la más grave infracción de normas elementales de cuidado, cuando la conducta crea un elevado peligro incontrolable o insuficientemente controlado al no emplear ninguna o escasa medida de control. La sentencia alemana de fecha 18-12-1970, manifestó la necesidad de proteger la vida y la salud del feto, y, todo ello porque se recetó talidomida como sedante y antiemético a mujeres embarazadas, lo que produjo el nacimiento de niños con malformaciones en sus miembros (focomelia), y en algunos casos llegó posteriormente a producir la muerte. Estos hechos también sucedieron en España, y se emitió > . Por lo tanto, son razones de política criminal, lo que conlleva a la regulación de las lesiones al feto en el Código Penal de 1.995. Ahora bien, existe una adecuación un poco problemática de las lesiones al feto cuando el niño fallece transcurrido varios años desde el nacimiento, a consecuencia de las lesiones causadas en el feto. Y, también se estableció en vía civil, la posibilidad de reclamar por los daños causados al nasciturus, reclamación que pueden efectuar los padres en nombre propio o en nombre del hijo, >, porque el niño nace con graves taras, habitualmente por comportamiento imprudente, en la salud del feto que repercuten en el nasciturus, y >, siendo en estos supuestos, el hijo, quien ejercita la acción, contra el médico, alegando que de no haber nacido, no tendría que haber experimentado las malformaciones que padece.The objective of the investigation is to determine whether the legal system had sufficient means to guarantee human health before the Penal Code of 1995 came into force, to prevent prenatal aggression, and whether there was a punitive loophole. Thus, it is expressly regulated in our Penal Code of 1995, for the first time, the crime of injury to the fetus, in articles 157 and 158 of the Penal Code, which include the intentional and negligent type, respectively, of injuries to the fetus. The crime of injury to the fetus served to establish the term fetus, because it has been necessary to determine since when it is possible to speak of a fetus, choosing the term theory, because I consider the beginning of life begins after three months from a doctrinal point of view, which is endorsed through the STS dated 4/11/1985. Likewise, once the concept of fetus has been delimited, it is essential to establish the border with the person, in order to know when we are facing a born being, and from the medical point of view, normal birth begins with the >, that is that the knowledge of childbirth puts an end to the fetal stage and what was previously nasciturus is constituted in person. The requirements are established to give the consent, capacity of the person issuing the consent, be issued before the action of the active subject and remain free (without error or deception) and informed (written, oral continuously, complete ( means of the center, treatment alternatives). A result crime is configured that requires causing an injury or illness that harms normal development or causes serious physical or mental defects. Article 158CP includes the basic type of the crime of injury to the fetus due to recklessness serious, which is that omission of all precautions or adequate measures, at least the most serious infraction of elementary standards of care, when the conduct creates a high uncontrollable or insufficiently controlled danger by not using any or little control measure. The German sentence dated 12-18-1970, stated the need to protect the life and health of the fetus, and all this because thalidomide was prescribed as a sedative and antiemetic to pregnant women, which produced the birth of children with malformations in its limbs (phocomelia), and in some cases it later caused death. These events also happened in Spain, and >. Therefore, they are reasons of criminal policy, which leads to the regulation of injuries to the fetus in the Penal Code of 1995. Now, there is a somewhat problematic adaptation of the injuries to the fetus when the child dies several years after birth, as a result of the injuries caused to the fetus. And, in civil proceedings, the possibility of claiming for the Damages caused to the unborn child, claim that parents can make on their own behalf or on behalf of the child, >, because the child is born with serious defects, usually due to reckless behavior, in the health of the fetus that affect the unborn , and >, being in these assumptions, the son, who exercises the action, against the doctor, alleging that if he had not been born, he should not have experienced the malformations he suffers

Las articulaciones exportadoras entre grandes y pequeñas empresas en Argentina: una oportunidad para fomentar la internacionalización de las PYMES

Incluye BibliografíaEsta investigación busca analizar las articulaciones exportadoras entre grandes y pequeñas empresas que se han desarrollado en Argentina en los últimos años. Básicamente, se trata de entender en qué medida estas experiencias pueden contribuir efectivamente a fortalecer las capacidades exportadoras de las Pymes. Se describen las distintas modalidades de articulación observadas, diferenciando entre las más sistemáticas e institucionalizadas de aquéllas con organicidad y diseño más difusos. En ambas categorías hay articulaciones de grandes empresas con clientes y proveedores, y en menor medida con Pymes complementarias o sin vínculo previo alguno con la gran empresa. En varios casos estas articulaciones se desarrollan como parte de iniciativas de responsabilidad social de las grandes empresas, o buscan la consolidación y también la fidelización de las propias Pymes a ellas vinculadas. Pero muchas articulaciones se implementan por incentivos más directos de las grandes empresas, vinculados a la propia expansión de sus negocios. Las experiencias estudiadas incluyen distintos tipos de mecanismos de apoyo a las Pymes por parte de las grandes empresas, por ejemplo: financiamiento para compra de materia prima, promoción de consorcio de exportación, capacitación/asistencia en temas de comercio exterior, apoyo para participación en ferias/contactos/identificación de distribuidores/indicación de oportunidades comerciales o licitaciones, apoyo a la certificación y homologación de productos. Después de evaluar el funcionamiento y los resultados alcanzados por las Pymes involucradas, se identifican los principales obstáculos que enfrentan las articulaciones en curso: a) el tejido Pyme en Argentina está mayoritariamente compuesto por firmas con serias restricciones en cuanto a nivel de inversión, tecnología y capacitación; b) las grandes empresas, normalmente, no tienen ni vocación ni condiciones para asumir por sí mismas grandes iniciativas de apoyo y; c) los vínculos entre agentes con culturas y rutinas tan disímiles como son las grandes y pequeñas empresas, involucran elevados costos de coordinación. Lo anterior define el espacio de posibles intervenciones destinadas a mejorar los resultados de las articulaciones bajo estudio. Claramente, iniciativas institucionales capaces de adicionar en dichos esquemas capacidades de asistencia técnica y financiera, capacitación, información, prospección de mercados externos, etc., podrían potenciar sus resultados y reforzar el interés y compromiso de las grandes empresas con estos programas. Las evidencias obtenidas en el presente estudio reafirman las conclusiones de una investigación exploratoria sobre esta temática (Bercovich y otros, 2005): la incorporación de un componente de promoción a articulaciones exportadoras dentro de las políticas públicas orientadas a apoyar las exportaciones Pymes, es a la vez una oportunidad de sinergia de esfuerzos público-privados y una necesidad para ampliar y hacer sustentables los esfuerzos privados

El Derecho como escudo ante el maltrato animal : ¿Utopía o posibilidad?

La raza humana se ha dividido en especies. Algo totalmente inimaginable hace algunos años, hoy se hace realidad a través de la diversificación de valores. Hay especies ruines, y especies tormentosas. Hay especies frías, y habemos especies sensibles. Sensibles a la vida, a la tranquilidad y a la armonía. Almas que se disuelven ante tanta muerte, tortura y ponzoña. En parte, el presente trabajo se estructura sobre la base de la impotencia. Impotencia por sentir pasión por un tema que continuamente se delega a un último plano. Impotencia por la pobreza en valores que esta sociedad está sufriendo. Impotencia por todas las vidas que se van en nuestros brazos. Somos su única esperanza; y su única amenaza. Desde este lugar, se pretende hacer una aproximación crítica al "Derecho Animal" en la República Oriental del Uruguay y su efectiva implementación. El maltrato animal se ha incrementado a niveles catastróficos en los últimos años. Se ha creado una "delincuencia internacional", que obliga a los Estados a cooperar en la búsqueda de mentes que hoy lastiman a un animal, mañana a una persona.Sección: Trabajos de Seminarios de Grado.Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociale

El Derecho como escudo ante el maltrato animal : ¿Utopía o posibilidad?

La raza humana se ha dividido en especies. Algo totalmente inimaginable hace algunos años, hoy se hace realidad a través de la diversificación de valores. Hay especies ruines, y especies tormentosas. Hay especies frías, y habemos especies sensibles. Sensibles a la vida, a la tranquilidad y a la armonía. Almas que se disuelven ante tanta muerte, tortura y ponzoña. En parte, el presente trabajo se estructura sobre la base de la impotencia. Impotencia por sentir pasión por un tema que continuamente se delega a un último plano. Impotencia por la pobreza en valores que esta sociedad está sufriendo. Impotencia por todas las vidas que se van en nuestros brazos. Somos su única esperanza; y su única amenaza. Desde este lugar, se pretende hacer una aproximación crítica al "Derecho Animal" en la República Oriental del Uruguay y su efectiva implementación. El maltrato animal se ha incrementado a niveles catastróficos en los últimos años. Se ha creado una "delincuencia internacional", que obliga a los Estados a cooperar en la búsqueda de mentes que hoy lastiman a un animal, mañana a una persona.Sección: Trabajos de Seminarios de Grado.Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociale

Impact of tillage and N fertilization rate on soil N2O emissions in irrigated maize in a Mediterranean agroecosystem

In irrigated Mediterranean conditions there is a lack of knowledge about the best combination of tillage and N fertilization practices to reduce soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions while maintaining maize productivity. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of different soil management practices and synthetic N fertilization rates on soil N2O emissions and their relationship with maize grain yield to determine the best management system to reduce yield-scaled N2O emissions (YSNE) in a semiarid area recently converted to irrigation under Mediterranean conditions. A long-term tillage and N rate field experiment established in 1996 under barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) rainfed conditions, was converted to irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) in 2015. After the transformation to irrigation, the field experiment maintained the same tillage treatments and N fertilization rates. Three types of tillage (conventional tillage, CT; reduced tillage, RT; no-tillage, NT) and three mineral N fertilization rates (0, 200, 400 kg N ha−1) were compared during three years (2015-2017) in a randomized block design with three replications. Soil N2O emissions, water-filled pore space, soil temperature, mineral N content (as NH4+ and NO3−), denitrification potential and maize grain yield and above-ground N uptake were quantified. Moreover, the emission factor (EF) and YSNE were calculated. The results showed that the combination of NT and the highest rate of N fertilization led to greater N2O emissions. Furthermore, the lowest N2O fluxes were observed in CT when WFPS was below 40% and the highest N2O fluxes were seen in NT when WFPS was above 60% coinciding with the greatest denitrification potential. Cumulative N2O emissions in 2017 and 2015 followed the order 400 > 200 > 0 kg N ha−1, while in 2016, rate of 400 and 200 kg N ha−1 showed greater cumulative N2O emission compared to the control. Only RT showed differences between growing seasons on cumulative N2O emissions, with greater values in 2017 compared to 2015, and intermediate values in 2016. In all treatments, the N2O EF was much lower than the default IPCC emission factor (1%). NT and RT increased the grain production compared to CT which was affected by severe soil crusting causing water deficit. Likewise, N fertilizer treatments significantly affected the YSNE, increasing with increasing fertilizer N application rate in the first year of study. Our data show that the use of NT or RT does not lead to more yield-scaled N2O emissions than CT in Mediterranean agroecosystems recently converted to irrigation.This research work was financially supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (project AGL2013-49062-C4-1-R; PhD fellowship BES‐2014‐070039). DPB received a Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral grant from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (IJCI-2016-27784)

Effects of alternative cassava and taro feed on the carcass and meat quality of fattening pigs reared under Ecuadorian backyard systems

Ecuadorian small producers use crossbred animals with a low level of genetic improvement, which are fed with alternative feeds to decrease production costs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of geographical location and three diets according to the amount of cassava and taro incorporated into the feed (T1 conventional feed; T2 and T3 with 32% and 42% of cassava and taro, respectively) in pigs reared under the backyard system. The results did not show many differences between the treatments for morphological traits; however, between geographical locations, significant differences were evidenced. The fat content from the first rib was higher in the T1 group. The intramuscular fat percentage was higher in the T1 group, contrary to the protein levels, which were higher in the T3 group in Esmeraldas and the T2 group in Ro Chico. In the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and its attached organs, differences were found in the empty stomach weight, full and empty small intestine weight, liver weight, and total GIT weight, with the T2 and T3 groups having the largest and heaviest. Cassava and taro did not affect the morphometric behavior and quality of the carcass but increased the amount of protein in the meat and the weight of the GIT. Geographical location was also observed to have a significant effect

Is it feasible to reduce tillage and N use while improving maize yield in irrigated Mediterranean agroecosystems?

Mediterranean rainfed areas are transformed into irrigation to stabilize or increase crop yields. The gradual occupation of irrigation leads to an increase in nitrogen use and intensity of tillage. The aim of this work was to evaluate the combined impact of tillage systems and mineral N fertilization rates on maize grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies (WUE and NUE) under Mediterranean irrigated conditions. The study was carried out in NE Spain during three maize growing seasons (i.e. years 2015, 2016 and 2017). A long-term (LTE) tillage and N rate field experiment established in 1996 under rainfed conditions was transformed into irrigation with maize (Zea mays L.) monoculture as cropping system in 2015. Three types of tillage (conventional tillage, CT; reduced tillage, RT; no-tillage, NT) and three mineral N fertilization rates (0, 200, 400 kg N ha-1) were compared in a randomized block design with three replications. In 2015, an adjacent experiment (short-term experiment, STE) with the same layout was set up in an area previously managed under long-term rainfed NT for the last 21 years. Soil water (SWC) and nitrate (SNC) content were quantified. Maize above ground biomass and N uptake, grain yield and yield components, grain N were measured at harvest. The WUE for above ground biomass and yield (WUEB and WUEY, respectively) and NUE, as well as other N-related indexes (nitrogen harvest index, NHI; apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency, NAR) were calculated. In the long-term tillage and N fertilization combination (LTE), the reduction of tillage (NT and RT) led to greater grain yield when applying 200 and 400 kg N ha-1 compared to the use of the same rates under CT. Differently, in the sort-term experiment with preceding NT (STE), tillage systems did not influence grain yields, while N application led to greater yields than the control (0 kg N ha-1). In both situations (LTE and STE), NT and RT enhanced SWC before planting leading to greater crop growth compared to CT. The lack of available water under CT caused lower maize above-ground biomass, yield, and yield components in LTE and, therefore, lower WUEB and WUEY. In LTE, the use of long-term CT led to a significant accumulation of nitrate compared to NT. Differently, in the STE, SNC did not show differences between tillage systems. In the LTE, water and N were used more efficiently to produce above-ground biomass and grain yield in RT and NT. Our study shows that in Mediterranean agroecosystems transformed into irrigation the use of NT and RT with medium rates of N leads to greater maize yield, WUE and NUE than the traditional management based on CT with high rates of mineral N. In rainfed areas with long-term history of no-till, this soil management system can be successfully maintained if transformed into irrigation.We would like to thank the field and laboratory technicians Javier Bareche, Carlos Cortés, Barbara Jelcic and Silvia Martí. This research work was financially supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (project AGL2013-49062-C4-1-R; PhD fellowship BES‐2014‐070039). DPB received a Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral grant from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (IJCI-2016-27784)

Tillage and nitrogen fertilization in irrigated maize: key practices to reduce soil CO2 and CH4 emissions

In newly irrigated Mediterranean agroecosystems, the combined effect of tillage and N fertilization on soilcarbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4)fluxes is at present poorly understood. The goal of this study was toquantify both soil CO2and CH4emissions as well as crop performance under different tillage systems and Nfertilization rates during three maize (Zea maysL.) growing seasons (2015-2017) in a semiarid area converted toirrigated. Three types of tillage (conventional tillage, CT, reduced tillage, RT, and no-tillage, NT) and threemineral N fertilization rates (0, 200, and 400 kg N ha−1) were compared in a randomized block design withthree replications. Weekly soil CO2and CH4emissions, soil temperature and gravimetric moisture were mea-sured. Moreover, maize above-ground biomass, grain yield, and above-ground C-inputs were quantified. Carbondioxide emissions ranged from 173 to 4378 mg CO2-C m-2d-1. No-tillage showed a greater mean soil CO2fluxthan CT when applying the highest rate of N (400 kg N ha-1). Although some emissions of CH4were observed, alltreatments acted as net CH4sinks during most of the experimental period. A linear multiple relationship betweensoil CO2fluxes and soil gravimetric moisture (0-5 cm depth) and temperature (10 cm depth) were found. In the2015 growing season, greater cumulative CO2emissions were found under NT and RT compared with CT, whilein 2016 N T showed the highest values compared to CT with intermediate values in RT. Differently, in 2017 nodifferences between tillage systems were found. When applying N fertilizer, NT and RT increased maize grainproduction and above-ground C-inputs compared to CT, since a severe soil crusting occurred in this last, whichcaused crop water deficit. The results suggest that tillage intensity and N fertilization rate reduction can increasemaize biomass production and yield which leads to greater C-input that returns to the soil.We would like to thank the field and laboratory technicians Carlos Cortés, Barbara Jelcic, Javier Bareche and Silvia Martí. This research work was financially supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (project AGL2013-49062-C4-1-R; PhD fellowship BES‐2014‐070039). DPB received a Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral grant from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (IJCI-2016-27784)