Urban combat in Late Middle Ages: the Duke of Medina Sidonia against the Marquis of Cadiz for the Control of Seville

La falta de perspectiva histórica hace que algunos consideren el combate urbano como un fenómeno moderno, y otros lo ignoren o lo incluyan dentro de la guerra de asedio. Este trabajo analiza un episodio de la lucha de bandos acaecido en Sevilla, la ciudad más poblada de la Castilla bajomedieval. A través del estudio de los factores que intervienen en su génesis, desarrollo y consecuencias, pretendemos aproximarnos a un mejor conocimiento de esta sociedad, sometida a los linajes y curtida en la guerra de frontera.The lack of historical perspective has led some scholars to consider urban warfare as a modern phenomenon, while others ignore it or regard it as a part of siege warfare. This paper examines an event that took place during the fighting between factions in Seville, the most populated city of late medieval Castile. By studying the factors that originated this urban combat in particular, as well as its development and consequences, we seek to better understand the society that was subject to the confronting families and endured the ordeals of a frontier war

Metodología militar aplicada al análisis de la guerra bajomedieval castellana, siglos XIII-XV

Este trabajo se propone servir de guía en la aplicación de la metodología militar al análisis histórico de conflictos bélicos, de forma que se aprovechen al máximo los datos e información obtenidos en las investigaciones, extrayendo de ellos el mayor número de conclusiones útiles para cada proceso histórico estudiado. Su uso permite, así mismo, contrastar acontecimientos similares y alcanzar conclusiones en relación a procedimientos tácticos y modos de hacer la guerra en un ámbito espacio-temporal determinado. En nuestro caso, la guerra bajomedieval en el marco castellano de los siglos XIII a XV.This paper intends to serve as a guide to the application of military methodology to the historical analysis of war conflicts, in such a way as to allow the maximum use of data and information gathered during research, and to draw from it the highest number of useful conclusions for each focused historical process. Its use also enables to compare similar events and to reach conclusions regarding tactical procedures and forms of waging war in a specific place and time: in this case, the Castilian Late Middle Ages warfare from the 13th to the 15th century

La lanza bajomedieval castellana: una propuesta sobre su origen

Este trabajo pretende incidir en el tema de la lanza Castellana, realizando una propuesta sobre su origen, y poniendo de manifiesto nuestra postura ante un problema latente: la cuestión ha sido abordada por gran parte de la historiografía desde diversos enfoques que, lejos de despejar dudas, han generado cierta confusión. Uno de ellos es el marco temporal, pues, aunque los datos disponibles permiten establecer un ámbito cronológico concreto para la aparición de la lanza en Castilla, algunos autores han planteado ciertas hipótesis, como resultado de rastrear antecedentes semánticos en todo tipo de textos, principalmente literarios; o a través de pistas indiciarias de carácter organizativo-militar. Otra línea de investigación, también de carácter militar, ha orientado sus pesquisas a buscar equivalencias en el entorno europeo bajomedieval.This paper addresses the Castilian lanza, making a proposal on its origin, and reveals our stance on an underlying issue regarding this topic: it has been discussed by many Historians from different perspectives that, far from removing all doubt, have generated some confusion. One of these is the time frame. While the available data allow to determine a specific point in time for the emergence of the lanza in Castile, some authors have formulated different hypotheses as a result of either tracking semantic records in all kinds of texts -mainly literary- or following evidence in a military-organizational context. Another research line, also military-related, has been focused on finding equivalents in other late medieval European territories

La lanza bajomedieval castellana: una propuesta sobre su origen

This paper addresses the Castilian lanza, making a proposal on its origin, and reveals our stance on an underlying issue regarding this topic: it has been discussed by many Historians from different perspectives that, far from removing all doubt, have generated some confusion. One of these is the time frame. While the available data allow to determine a specific point in time for the emergence of the lanza in Castile, some authors have formulated different hypotheses as a result of either tracking semantic records in all kinds of texts -mainly literary- or following evidence in a military-organizational context. Another research line, also military-related, has been focused on finding equivalents in other late medieval European territories.Este trabajo pretende incidir en el tema de la lanza Castellana, realizando una propuesta sobre su origen, y poniendo de manifiesto nuestra postura ante un problema latente: la cuestión ha sido abordada por gran parte de la historiografía desde diversos enfoques que, lejos de despejar dudas, han generado cierta confusión. Uno de ellos es el marco temporal, pues, aunque los datos disponibles permiten establecer un ámbito cronológico concreto para la aparición de la lanza en Castilla, algunos autores han planteado ciertas hipótesis, como resultado de rastrear antecedentes semánticos en todo tipo de textos, principalmente literarios; o a través de pistas indiciarias de carácter organizativo-militar. Otra línea de investigación, también de carácter militar, ha orientado sus pesquisas a buscar equivalencias en el entorno europeo bajomedieval

Ground tactics in the late medieval Castile, 14-15th centuries

Durante los siglos XIV y XV, las tácticas castellanas evolucionan al compás de los avances militares y de la experiencia adquirida. Conocer y entender sus peculiaridades explica los éxitos logrados en las campañas extra peninsulares de principios del XVI

Método para la obtención de sombras con herramientas CAD. Aplicación con Rhinoceros

Con la herramienta de CAD Rhinoceros® hemos diseñado un método para obtener las curvas separatrices en 3D mediante la obtención de superficies circunscritas a los cuerpos y posterior uso de intersecciones entre superficies, consiguiendo las curvas separatrices en 3D para posterior representación en vistas 2D ortogonales, axonométricas o cónicas. En consecuencia, establecemos una traducción entre los comandos del software y la ciencia de la Geometría Descriptiva para la resolución de problemas de sombras en cuerpos geométricos

Artificial Magnetic Bacteria: Living Magnets at Room Temperature

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Martín Marcos, M.A.; et al. Artificial Magnetic Bacteria: Living Magnets at Room Temperature. Advanced Functional Materials, 24(23): 3489-3493 (2014), which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201303754 . This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving."Biogenic magnetite is a fascinating example of how nature can generate functional magnetic nanostructures. Inspired by the magnetic bacteria, an attempt is made to mimic their magnetic properties, rather than their structures, to create living magnets at room temperature. The non-magnetic probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus fermentum and Bifidobacteria breve are used as bioplatforms to densely arrange superparamagnetic nanoparticles on their external surfaces, thus obtaining the artificial magnetic bacteria. Magnetic probiotic bacteria can be produced by using superparamagnetic maghemite nanoparticles assembled at their surfaces. They present a collective ferromagnetic phase at room temperature. The blocking temperature of these maghemite nanoparticles increases more than 100 K when assembled at the artificial magnetic bacteria.This work was funded by Biosearch S. A. (POSTBIO project-Agency for Innovation and Development of Andalucia IDEA) and by MINECO and FEDER (project CTQ2012–32236)

Intermediate Molecular Phenotypes to Identify Genetic Markers of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity Risk.

Cardiotoxicity due to anthracyclines (CDA) affects cancer patients, but we cannot predict who may suffer from this complication. CDA is a complex trait with a polygenic component that is mainly unidentified. We propose that levels of intermediate molecular phenotypes (IMPs) in the myocardium associated with histopathological damage could explain CDA susceptibility, so variants of genes encoding these IMPs could identify patients susceptible to this complication. Thus, a genetically heterogeneous cohort of mice (n = 165) generated by backcrossing were treated with doxorubicin and docetaxel. We quantified heart fibrosis using an Ariol slide scanner and intramyocardial levels of IMPs using multiplex bead arrays and QPCR. We identified quantitative trait loci linked to IMPs (ipQTLs) and cdaQTLs via linkage analysis. In three cancer patient cohorts, CDA was quantified using echocardiography or Cardiac Magnetic Resonance. CDA behaves as a complex trait in the mouse cohort. IMP levels in the myocardium were associated with CDA. ipQTLs integrated into genetic models with cdaQTLs account for more CDA phenotypic variation than that explained by cda-QTLs alone. Allelic forms of genes encoding IMPs associated with CDA in mice, including AKT1, MAPK14, MAPK8, STAT3, CAS3, and TP53, are genetic determinants of CDA in patients. Two genetic risk scores for pediatric patients (n = 71) and women with breast cancer (n = 420) were generated using machine-learning Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression. Thus, IMPs associated with heart damage identify genetic markers of CDA risk, thereby allowing more personalized patient management.J.P.L.’s lab is sponsored by Grant PID2020-118527RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011039; Grant PDC2021-121735-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011039 and by the “European Union Next Generation EU/PRTR”, the Regional Government of Castile and León (CSI144P20). J.P.L. and P.L.S. are supported by the Carlos III Health Institute (PIE14/00066). AGN laboratory and human patients’ studies are supported by an ISCIII project grant (PI18/01242). The Human Genotyping unit is a member of CeGen, PRB3, and is supported by grant PT17/0019 of the PE I + D + i 2013–2016, funded by ISCIII and ERDF. SCLl is supported by MINECO/FEDER research grants (RTI2018-094130-B-100). CH was supported by the Department of Defense (DoD) BCRP, No. BC190820; and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), No. R01CA184476. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is a multi-program national laboratory operated by the University of California for the DOE under contract DE AC02-05CH11231. The Proteomics Unit belongs to ProteoRed, PRB3-ISCIII, supported by grant PT17/0019/0023 of the PE I + D +i, 2017–2020, funded by ISCIII and FEDER. RCC is funded by fellowships from the Spanish Regional Government of Castile and León. NGS is a recipient of an FPU fellowship (MINECO/FEDER). hiPSC-CM studies were funded in part by the “la Caixa” Banking Foundation under the project code HR18-00304 and a Severo Ochoa CNIC Intramural Project (Exp. 12-2016 IGP) to J.J.S

Risk Factors for COVID-19 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A National, ENEIDA-Based Case–Control Study (COVID-19-EII)

(1) Scant information is available concerning the characteristics that may favour the acquisition of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess these differences between infected and noninfected patients with IBD. (2) This nationwide case-control study evaluated patients with inflammatory bowel disease with COVID-19 (cases) and without COVID-19 (controls) during the period March-July 2020 included in the ENEIDA of GETECCU. (3) A total of 496 cases and 964 controls from 73 Spanish centres were included. No differences were found in the basal characteristics between cases and controls. Cases had higher comorbidity Charlson scores (24% vs. 19%; p = 0.02) and occupational risk (28% vs. 10.5%; p < 0.0001) more frequently than did controls. Lockdown was the only protective measure against COVID-19 (50% vs. 70%; p < 0.0001). No differences were found in the use of systemic steroids, immunosuppressants or biologics between cases and controls. Cases were more often treated with 5-aminosalicylates (42% vs. 34%; p = 0.003). Having a moderate Charlson score (OR: 2.7; 95%CI: 1.3-5.9), occupational risk (OR: 2.9; 95%CI: 1.8-4.4) and the use of 5-aminosalicylates (OR: 1.7; 95%CI: 1.2-2.5) were factors for COVID-19. The strict lockdown was the only protective factor (OR: 0.1; 95%CI: 0.09-0.2). (4) Comorbidities and occupational exposure are the most relevant factors for COVID-19 in patients with IBD. The risk of COVID-19 seems not to be increased by immunosuppressants or biologics, with a potential effect of 5-aminosalicylates, which should be investigated further and interpreted with caution