Apertura económica y relaciones de género en América Latina en los noventa: nueva mirada a los efectos de la globalización en mujeres asalariadas

En este artículo, a partir de la revisión de algunas cifras sistematizadas por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo sobre la situación laboral de las mujeres latinoamericanas en la década de 1990, se plantea una crítica al impacto que los procesos de apertura de mercados y liberalización de la economía tuvieron sobre las vidas de las mujeres. Inicia el trabajo con la conceptualización del proceso globalizador en el cual se contextualizó el ajuste económico en las últimas décadas del siglo veinte. Luego se hace referencia al cambio producido en la matriz Estado céntrica de las naciones latinoamericanas, transformación que condujo a la supremacía del capital con la economía dictando las reglas del juego al Estado y a la sociedad. Lo central está constituido por el análisis de las cifras del mercado laboral desde la perspectiva de los efectos de la liberalización de la economía sobre la inserción, permanencia y condiciones laborales de las mujeres en América Latina en un período de transformaciones políticas, sociales y económicas.Abstract: In this article, based on a review of some statistics systematized by the International Labour Organization on the employment situation of Latin American women in the 1990s, there is a review of the impact that the processes of market opening and liberalization economy had on the lives of women. Start working with the conceptualization of the globalization process in which economic adjustment was contextualized in the last decades of the twentieth century. After referring to the change in the central state matrix of Latin American nations, a transformation that led to the supremacy of capital to the economy dictating rules of the game to the state and society. The center consists of the analysis of labor market figures from the perspective of the effects of economic liberalization on the insertion, retention and working conditions of women in Latin America in a period of political, social and economic

Mecanismos de representación política en las democracias latinoamericanas: las cuotas electorales de género

A partir de cifras y hechos planteados por PNUD, CEPAL, FLACSO Chile e INSTRAW sobre la participación política de las mujeres, se realiza una revisión de los debates, aplicaciones y efectos de las cuotas electorales de género en América latina. Se toman en cuenta las diferentes barreras que deben sortear las mujeres en la arena política, y se analizan la definición, alcances y argumentos en pro y en contra de las cuotas electorales de género. Se analiza este mecanismo a partir de los casos de Argentina y Costa Rica, los más exitosos en términos de resultados; mientras México evidencia el impacto incremental de las cuotas en la representación femenina, Perú pone en evidencia la influencia de la fuerte tradición presidencialista. Brasil es un caso paradigmático, que representaría el fracaso de las cuotas de género. Se concluye que, salvo Argentina, las otras democracias sólo han podido acelerar el proceso de inclusión real de mujeres en los procesos eleccionarios, pero sin que los resultados sean realmente compatibles con lo esperado. Las mujeres latinoamericanas, con cuotas o sin ellas, siguen estando sub-representadas en los espacios de participación política.Abstract: On the basis of data and facts put forth by UN, CEPAL, FLACSO Chile e INSTRAW about the political participation of women, this article analyzes the debates about the application and effects of electoral gender quotas in Latin America. The barriers to women’s political participation are taken into account, analyzing the definition, reach and arguments for and against gender quotas. The cases of Argentina and Costa Rica, the most successful in results, are analyzed. While Mexico shows the increased impact of quotas, Peru makes evident the influence of the strong presidential tradition. Brazil is a paradigmatic case, representing the failure of gender quotes. In conclusion, save for Argentina, other democracies have only accelerated the process of women’s inclusion in election processes, but without results compatible with expectations. Latin American women, with out without quotas, are underrepresented in the spaces of political participation

Assessing soil C stock and C to N ratio of soil organic matter under mixed pine-beech forests at different scales

Producción CientíficaHealthy soils are the second C sink on Earth, and this sink could last for hundreds or even thousands of years as stable soil organic matter (SOM). Forest soils, in particular, have the potential to store significant amounts of C, however, the amount of C sequestered and the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio of soil organic matter (SOM) depend on the vegetation influencing the soil. In the last decades, mixed stands have aroused great interest among the scientific community, but it is still necessary to intensify research on its effect on soils and their C storage capacity. In this study, we assess soil C sequestration potential in soil and litter of mixed and pure stands of Scots pine and beech (Pinus sylvestris–Fagus sylvatica). Three triplets (9 forest plots), two located in Southern Poland and one in Southern Germany were studied. A total of 40 circular subplots of 5 m radius were selected within the triplets, covering a wide range of species mixture, and soil and litter were sampled. Data were analyzed at two scales (plot-level and microsite-level) to determine which option is more appropriate when studying the mixing effect on SOM. Cstock in forest floor ranged between 2.5 and 11.1 Mg C ha−1 and in mineral soil between 39.6 and 337.8 Mg ha−1. According to our findings, the percentage of species mixture primarily impacted the forest floor rather than the mineral soil. On the forest floor, stands with 25–50% pine in the mixture were found to have a C/N ratio between 20 and 30, which indicates an equilibrium state between mineralization and immobilization. In the mineral soil, total organic C was the only variable affected by mixture percentage (p < 0.1). Finally, microsite-level scale proved to be the most appropriate when studying tree stand composition effect on SOM, as the plot-level scale diluted or masked some effects.Junta de Castilla y León - projects "Servicios ecosistémicos de los suelos bajo masas forestales mixtas versus masas puras. Efecto del tipo de masa en la fertilidad edáfica, retención de agua y secuestro de carbono" (REF. V096G19), (CLU-2019-01) and (CL-EI-2021-05)Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación - project “IMFLEX: gestión forestal integrada por gradientes de complejidad”(FPU 2016-BOE 17-01-2017)Publicación en abierto financiada por el Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias de Castilla y León (BUCLE), con cargo al Programa Operativo 2014ES16RFOP009 FEDER 2014-2020 DE CASTILLA Y LEÓN, Actuación:20007-CL - Apoyo Consorcio BUCLEEuropean Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no.77832

Levantamento de mamíferos de maior porte em seringais e florestas do sul da Bahia (Brasil) utilizando armadilhas fotográficas

A região sul da Bahia representa a maior área contínua de cobertura florestal no domínio Atlântico que permanece no nordeste brasileiro, composta por um mosaico de sistemas agroflorestais, principalmente plantações de cacau (Theobroma cacao), designadas localmente de “cabrucas”, que apresentam alto potencial de hábitat para diversas espécies. No entanto, as “cabrucas tradicionais” encontram-se ameaçadas devido à crise da lavoura cacaueira, sendo gradativamente substituídas por outras produções, como as plantações de seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis). O objetivo foi estudar a ocorrência de médios e grandes mamíferos terrestres em fragmentos florestais e plantações de seringueira no sul da Bahia (Brasil), utilizando armadilhas fotográficas. Um total de 13 espécies foi registrado, sendo 8 exclusivas de florestas e 1 exclusiva nas plantações de seringueira. O 82% das espécies registradas em fragmentos florestais corresponde à ReservaEcológica da Michelin. As raposas (Cerdocyon thous) foram registradas em três plantações de seringa, provocando um risco de zoonoses. O gato-maracajá (Leopardus wiedii), espécie vulnerável, foi apenas registradonas fazendas próximas à REBIO-Una. Ainda não é possível concluir a situação das assembléias de mamíferos habitando seringueira-plantações, mas nossos resultados mostraram preliminarmente uma relação negativa dessa produção e uma perturbação antrópica sobre a diversidade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte

Characterization of family health in a medical office, Holguin 2021

Introduction: community health is the collective expression of the health of individuals and groups in a defined community. In turn, it is determined by the interaction of personal characteristics, family, social, cultural and physical environment, as well as health services and the influence of social and political factors. Objective: to characterize family health in a medical office in Holguín. Method: a descriptive observational study was carried out in the period from October 2020 to January 2021, in the medical office No. 16 of the Policlínico “René Ávila Reyes” in Holguín. The sample consisted of 30 families, with 75 members. For its selection, an intentional sampling method was applied to a population of 345 families, with 1,323 members. Variables used in the statistical analysis were: age, gender, and risk factors. Results: there was a predominance of males, and the most frequent age group was that of 50 to 59 years. Risk factors related to lifestyle were the most frequent, with 30 patients (40%). Smoking prevailed, with a total of 12 patients. It was identified that 12% of the patients had arterial hypertension and 9.3% were diagnosed with acute respiratory infections. Conclusions: the main risk factors identified are those related to lifestyle, specifically smoking, while the most frequent chronic non-communicable disease is arterial hypertension, acute respiratory infections are the communicable diseases with the highest incidence

Experimental realisation of Shor's quantum factoring algorithm using qubit recycling

Quantum computational algorithms exploit quantum mechanics to solve problems exponentially faster than the best classical algorithms. Shor's quantum algorithm for fast number factoring is a key example and the prime motivator in the international effort to realise a quantum computer. However, due to the substantial resource requirement, to date, there have been only four small-scale demonstrations. Here we address this resource demand and demonstrate a scalable version of Shor's algorithm in which the n qubit control register is replaced by a single qubit that is recycled n times: the total number of qubits is one third of that required in the standard protocol. Encoding the work register in higher-dimensional states, we implement a two-photon compiled algorithm to factor N=21. The algorithmic output is distinguishable from noise, in contrast to previous demonstrations. These results point to larger-scale implementations of Shor's algorithm by harnessing scalable resource reductions applicable to all physical architectures.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure

QUANDO O PREDADOR SE TORNA PRESA: CONFLITO ENTRE FAZENDEIROS E A ONÇA-PARDA (Puma concolor, LINNAEUS, 1771) NO NORDESTE DO BRASIL

The cougar (Puma concolor) is the second largest wild cat in the Americas. Historically, puma predation on domestic livestock triggers conflicts with farmers, who retaliate by hunting illegally the feline. Puma is considered a species of conservation concern in Brazil. However, little is known about its conservation state or the magnitude of its depredation on domestic herds. To address these issues, we evaluated 1) the impact of P. concolor hunting in response to predation of domestic herds and to variables such as the presence or absence of forest remnants, and 2) herd size and management associated with such events in rural properties in Itaetê, Bahia, Northeast of Brazil. Data were obtained by collecting traces such as predated animals, footprints and skin, as a way to evaluate the presence of P. concolor in the region. To evaluate farmers’ perceptions, we conducted semi-structured interviews between November 2013 and June 2014 with 24 farm managers and/or owners. We consider each property an independent unit of analysis. Of the 24 farms visited, there were predation events in thirteen, with more than one attack per time. All the informants reported that predations affect only goats and P. concolor is the main predator. Predation of several animals occurred mainly on farms where management included nocturnal confinement, in contrast to the general trend in the literature. Once the study area has part of its territory conformed by the Chapada Diamantina National Park, it deserves greater attention. For this, it would be necessary to implement preventive measures to minimize predation attacks and, consequently favor the conservation of the feline in the region.A onça-parda, suçuarana ou puma (Puma concolor, Linnaeus, 1771) é o segundo maior felino das Américas. Historicamente, a predação de puma a espécies domésticas gera conflitos com fazendeiros e leva ao aumento do controle letal incluindo a caça ilegal deste felino por fazendeiros locais. O puma é considerado uma espécie de preocupação para conservação no Brasil. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o estado da sua conservação ou a magnitude de suas predações de rebanhos domésticos. Para abordar esta informação, avaliamos: 1) o impacto de caça a P. concolor em resposta tanto à predação de rebanhos domésticos quanto às variáveis como presença ou não de fragmento florestal preservado; 2) tamanho e manejo da criação, que estão associadas a tais eventos em propriedades da zona rural do município de Itaetê, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos mediante coleta de vestígios, como animais predados, pegadas e pele, como forma de auxiliar na comprovação da presença de P. concolor na região. Para avaliar a percepção dos fazendeiros e seu impacto na pecuária, conduzimos entrevistas semiestruturadas entre novembro de 2013 e junho de 2014 a 24 gerentes e/ou proprietários das fazendas. Consideramos cada propriedade como uma unidade de análise independente. Das 24 fazendas visitadas, houve eventos de predação em 13, com mais de um ataque de uma única vez. Todos os informantes relataram que as predações acometem apenas os caprinos, tendo como predador principal a P. concolor. Os Maiores números de animais predados ocorreram em fazendas onde o manejo era de confinamento noturno, contrariando a literatura. Por nossa área de estudo ter parte de seu território englobado pelo Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina, merece maior atenção. Para isso, torna-se necessária a implantação de medidas preventivas para minimizar os ataques e, assim, favorecer a conservação do felino na região.

Specific Recognition of Influenza A/H1N1/2009 Antibodies in Human Serum: A Simple Virus-Free ELISA Method

Although it has been estimated that pandemic Influenza A H1N1/2009 has infected millions of people from April to October 2009, a more precise figure requires a worldwide large-scale diagnosis of the presence of Influenza A/H1N1/2009 antibodies within the population. Assays typically used to estimate antibody titers (hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization) would require the use of the virus, which would seriously limit broad implementation.An ELISA method to evaluate the presence and relative concentration of specific Influenza A/H1N1/2009 antibodies in human serum samples is presented. The method is based on the use of a histidine-tagged recombinant fragment of the globular region of the hemagglutinin (HA) of the Influenza A H1N1/2009 virus expressed in E. coli.The ELISA method consistently discerns between Inf A H1N1 infected and non-infected subjects, particularly after the third week of infection/exposure. Since it does not require the use of viral particles, it can be easily and quickly implemented in any basic laboratory. In addition, in a scenario of insufficient vaccine availability, the use of this ELISA could be useful to determine if a person has some level of specific antibodies against the virus and presumably at least partial protection

Evolution of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 over seven months: experience of the Nationwide Seroprevalence ENE-COVID Study in Spain [preprint]

Objectives To analyse temporal trends in SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid IgG throughout the four rounds of the nationwide seroepidemiologic study ENE-COVID (April-November 2020), and to compare the fourth-round results of two immunoassays detecting antibodies against nucleocapsid and to S protein receptor-binding domain (RBD). Methods A chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) was offered to all participants in the first three rounds (Abbott; anti-nucleocapsid IgG). In the fourth round we offered this test and a chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) (Beckman; anti-RBD IgG) to i) a randomly selected sub-cohort, ii) participants who were IgG-positive in any of the three first rounds; and iii) participants who were IgG-positive in the fourth round by point-of-care immunochromatography. Results Immunoassays involving 10,153 participants (82.2% of people invited to donate samples) were performed in the fourth round. A total of 2595 participants (35.1% of participants with immunoassay results in the four rounds) were positive for anti-nucleocapsid IgG in at least one round. Anti-nucleocapsid IgG became undetectable in 43.3% of participants with positive first-round results. Pneumonia was more frequent in participants with anti-nucleocapsid IgG in all four rounds (11.2%) than those in which IgG became undetectable (2.4%). In fourth round, anti-nucleocapsid and anti-RBD IgG were detected in 5.5% and 5.4% participants of the randomly selected sub-cohort, and in 26.6% and 25.9% participants with at least one previous positive result, respectively. Agreement between techniques was 90.3% (kappa: 0.72). Conclusions The response of IgG to SARS-CoV-2 is heterogeneous and conditioned by infection severity. A substantial proportion of the SARS-CoV-2 infected population may have negative serologic results in the post-infection months.N