Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Kayu Tanaman Secang (Caesalpinia sappan Linn) Terhadap Bakteri Escherichia Coli ATCC 11229 Dan Staphylococcus Aureus ATCC 6538 Secara In Vitro

Latar Belakang : Tanaman Secang (Caesalpinia sappan Linn) ialah termasuk tanaman yang mempunyai prospek yang sangat baik dalam pemanfaatannya sebagai obat terutama antibakteri. Pada tanaman secang terdapat senyawa tanin, saponin, serta flavonoid yang mempunyai aksi sebagai antibakteri. Tujuan Penelitian : Tujuan pada penelitian ini ialah agar diketahuinya aktivitas dari ekstrak etanol tanaman secang (Caesalpinia sappan Linn) dalam kemampuannya untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli serta Staphylococcus aureus. Metode Penelitian : Metode pada penelitian ini ialah true experimental laboratorik menggunakan metode post test only control group design. Ekstrak etanol tanaman secang (Caesalpinia sappan Linn) yang diujikan memakai metode sumuran kemudian dibagi dalam beberapa konsentrasi diantaranya 20% b/v, 40% b/v, 60% b/v, 80% b/v, serta 100% b/v. Pada media pertumbuhan kuman Muller Hinton dibuat beberapa sumuran yang diolesi dengan biakan Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 serta Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 yang sebelumnya sudah distandarisasi menggunakan standar 0,5 McFarland. Sumuran ditetesi ekstrak etanol tanaman secang (Caesalpinia sappan Linn) dalam berbagai seri konsentrasi. Selanjutnya diinkubasi pada temperatur 37° C selama 24 jam yang kemudian zona hambat yang terbentuk selanjutnya diukur. Hasil Peneltian : Ekstrak etanol kunyit kuning (Caesalpinia sappan Linn) dengan konsentrasi 20% b/v, 40% b/v, 60% b/v, 80% b/v, serta 100%b/v dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli dengan rerata masing-masing yaitu 7,6 mm, 10 mm, 12,2 mm, 13,8 mm, dan 16 mm dengan nilai uji statistik p = 0,000 sedangkan Staphylococcus aureus dengan masing-masing rerata diameter zona hambat yaitu 8,6 mm, 11,8 mm, 13,8 mm, 14,6 mm, dan 17,6 mm dan nilai uji statistik p = 0, 000. Kesimpulan : Ekstrak etanol tanaman secang (Caesalpinia sappan Linn) mempunyai kemampuan dalam aksinya sebagai suatu antibakteri terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 serta Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 secara in vitro

Evaluasi Kepuasan Pasien Rawat Inap Dan Rawat Jalan Terhadap Pelayanan Gizi Pasien Diet Diabetes Mellitus Di RSU PKU Muhammadiyah Bantul Yogyakarta

This research aims to identify and evaluate: 1) the performance of health workforce to satisfaction of patient with diabetes mellitus. 2) The obedience of eating schedule to satisfaction of patient with diabetes mellitus. 3) The obedience of food type to satisfaction of patient with diabetes mellitus. The data of this research is the premier data which was obtained from the answers of 100 respondents with accidental sampling method. This research is using multiple linear regression analysis. The test result concluded that all variables instrument are valid and reliable as a data collecting tool. In the data analysis shows that: 1) There is effect of the performance of health workforce to satisfaction of patient with diabetes mellitus. 2) There is not effect of the obedience of eating schedule to satisfaction of patient with diabetes mellitus. 3) There is not effect of the obedience of type food to satisfaction of patient with diabetes mellitus

Using resting-state DMN effective connectivity to characterize the neurofunctional architecture of empathy

Neuroimaging studies in social neuroscience have largely relied on functional connectivity (FC) methods to characterize the functional integration between different brain regions. However, these methods have limited utility in social-cognitive studies that aim to understand the directed information flow among brain areas that underlies complex psychological processes. In this study we combined functional and effective connectivity approaches to characterize the functional integration within the Default Mode Network (DMN) and its role in self-perceived empathy. Forty-two participants underwent a resting state fMRI scan and completed a questionnaire of dyadic empathy. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) showed that higher empathy scores were associated with an increased contribution of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to the DMN spatial mode. Dynamic causal modelling (DCM) combined with Canonical Variance Analysis (CVA) revealed that this association was mediated indirectly by the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) via the right inferior parietal lobule (IPL). More specifically, in participants with higher scores in empathy, the PCC had a greater effect on bilateral IPL and the right IPL had a greater influence on mPFC. These results highlight the importance of using analytic approaches that address directed and hierarchical connectivity within networks, when studying complex psychological phenomena, such as empathy.- This study was funded by BIAL Foundation (Grant number 87/12); by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Portuguese Ministry of Education and Science through national funds and co-financed by FEDER through COMPETE2020 under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007653); by the postdoctoral scholarship UMINHO/BPD/18/2017 and by the Portuguese Foundation for Science Doctoral scholarship (PD/BD/105963/2014). This work was conducted at Psychology Research Centre (UID/PSI/01662/2013), University of Minho

Consensus Paper: Cerebellum and Social Cognition.

The traditional view on the cerebellum is that it controls motor behavior. Although recent work has revealed that the cerebellum supports also nonmotor functions such as cognition and affect, only during the last 5 years it has become evident that the cerebellum also plays an important social role. This role is evident in social cognition based on interpreting goal-directed actions through the movements of individuals (social "mirroring") which is very close to its original role in motor learning, as well as in social understanding of other individuals' mental state, such as their intentions, beliefs, past behaviors, future aspirations, and personality traits (social "mentalizing"). Most of this mentalizing role is supported by the posterior cerebellum (e.g., Crus I and II). The most dominant hypothesis is that the cerebellum assists in learning and understanding social action sequences, and so facilitates social cognition by supporting optimal predictions about imminent or future social interaction and cooperation. This consensus paper brings together experts from different fields to discuss recent efforts in understanding the role of the cerebellum in social cognition, and the understanding of social behaviors and mental states by others, its effect on clinical impairments such as cerebellar ataxia and autism spectrum disorder, and how the cerebellum can become a potential target for noninvasive brain stimulation as a therapeutic intervention. We report on the most recent empirical findings and techniques for understanding and manipulating cerebellar circuits in humans. Cerebellar circuitry appears now as a key structure to elucidate social interactions

Rehabilitative treatment of cleft lip and palate: experience of the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies - USP (HRAC-USP) - Part 2: Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics

The aim of this article is to present the pediatric dentistry and orthodontic treatment protocol of rehabilitation of cleft lip and palate patients performed at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies - University of São Paulo (HRAC-USP). Pediatric dentistry provides oral health information and should be able to follow the child with cleft lip and palate since the first months of life until establishment of the mixed dentition, craniofacial growth and dentition development. Orthodontic intervention starts in the mixed dentition, at 8-9 years of age, for preparing the maxillary arch for secondary bone graft procedure (SBGP). At this stage, rapid maxillary expansion is performed and a fixed palatal retainer is delivered before SBGP. When the permanent dentition is completed, comprehensive orthodontic treatment is initiated aiming tooth alignment and space closure. Maxillary permanent canines are commonly moved mesially in order to substitute absent maxillary lateral incisors. Patients with complete cleft lip and palate and poor midface growth will require orthognatic surgery for reaching adequate anteroposterior interarch relationship and good facial esthetics

Predictors of Plaque Rupture Within Nonculprit Fibroatheromas in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes The PROSPECT Study

OBJECTIVES The study sought to examine the relative importance of lesion Location versus vessel area and plaque burden in predicting plaque rupture within nonculprit fibroatheromas (FAs) in patients with acute coronary syndromes. BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that plaque rupture is associated with larger vessel area and greater plaque burden clustering in the proximal segments of coronary arteries. METHODS In the PROSPECT (Providing Regional Observations to Study Predictors of Events in the Coronary Tree) study 3-vessel grayscale and radiofrequency-intravascular ultrasound was performed after successful percutaneous coronary intervention in 697 patients with acute coronary syndromes. Untreated nonculprit Lesion FAs were classified as proximal (40 mm) according to the distance from the ostium to the maximum necrotic core site. RESULTS Overall, 74 ruptured FAs and 2,396 nonruptured FAs were identified in nonculprit vessels. The majority of FAs (73.6%) were located within 40 mm of the ostium, and the vessel area and plaque burden progressively decreased from proximal to distal FA Location (both p < 0.001). In a multivariate logistic regression model, independent predictors for plaque rupture included the distance from the ostium to the maximum necrotic core site per millimeter (odds ratio [OR]: 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76 to 0.98; p = 0.02), plaque burden per 10% (OR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.63 to 2.58; p < 0.0001), vessel area per mm(2) (OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.17; p < 0.0001), calcium (OR: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.18; p < 0.0001), and right coronary artery Location (OR: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.25 to 3.27; p = 0.006). By receiver-operating characteristic analysis, vessel area correlated with plaque rupture stronger than either plaque burden (p < 0.001) or location (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Large vessel area, plaque burden, proximal Location, right coronary artery Location, and lack of calcium were associated with FA plaque rupture. The present study suggests that among these variables, vessel area may be the strongest predictor of plaque rupture among non-left main coronary arteries. (PROSPECT: An Imaging Study in Patients With Unstable Atherosclerotic Lesions [PROSPECT]; NCT00180466) (C) 2015 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation