816 research outputs found
Biology of killer yeasts
Killer yeasts secrete proteinaceous killer toxins lethal to susceptible yeast strains. These toxins have no activity against microorganisms other than yeasts, and the killer strains are insensitive to their own toxins. Killer toxins differ between species or strains, showing diverse characteristics in terms of structuralgenes, molecular size, mature structure and immunity. The mechanisms of recognizing and killing sensitive cells differ for each toxin. Killer yeasts and their toxins have many potential applications in environmental, medical and industrial biotechnology. They are also suitable to study the mechanisms of protein processing and secretion, and toxin interaction with sensitive cells. This review focuses on the biological diversity of the killer toxins described up to now and their potential biotechnological applications
Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE). LACIE transition year plan for the direct estimation of wheat from LANDSAT imagery
There are no author-identified significant results in this report
Validity of the N\'{e}el-Arrhenius model for highly anisotropic Co_xFe_{3-x}O_4 nanoparticles
We report a systematic study on the structural and magnetic properties of
Co_{x}Fe_{3-x}O_{4} magnetic nanoparticles with sizes between to nm,
prepared by thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)_{3} and Co(acac)_{2}. The large
magneto-crystalline anisotropy of the synthesized particles resulted in high
blocking temperatures ( K \leqq K for d nm ) and large coercive fields ( kA/m for K).
The smallest particles ( nm) revealed the existence of a magnetically
hard, spin-disordered surface. The thermal dependence of static and dynamic
magnetic properties of the whole series of samples could be explained within
the N\'{e}el-Arrhenius relaxation framework without the need of ad-hoc
corrections, by including the thermal dependence of the magnetocrystalline
anisotropy constant through the empirical Br\"{u}khatov-Kirensky
relation. This approach provided values very similar to the bulk
material from either static or dynamic magnetic measurements, as well as
realistic values for the response times ( s).
Deviations from the bulk anisotropy values found for the smallest particles
could be qualitatively explained based on Zener\'{}s relation between
and M(T)
Pattern formation from consistent dynamical closures of uniaxial nematic liquid crystals
Pattern formation in uniaxial polymeric liquid crystals is studied for
different dynamic closure approximations. Using the principles of mesoscopic
non-equilibrium thermodynamics in a mean-field approach, we derive a
Fokker-Planck equation for the single-particle non-homogeneous distribution
function of particle orientations and the evolution equations for the second
and fourth order orientational tensor parameters. Afterwards, two dynamic
closure approximations are discussed, one of them considering the relaxation of
the fourth order orientational parameter and leading to a novel expression for
the free-energy like function in terms of the scalar order parameter.
Considering the evolution equation of the density of the system and values of
the interaction parameter for which isotropic and nematic phases coexist, our
analysis predicts that patterns and traveling waves can be produced in
lyotropic uniaxial nematics even in the absence of external driving.Comment: 34 pages, 7 figure
The Use of Patents to Assess National Innovation Systems: Evidences from Spanish Biotechnology
Spain’s economy recorded a high rate of growth from the mid-1990s onwards. At the same time, the resources allocated to Research and Development (R&D) grew at a much faster pace than in other European Union (EU) countries. Spain’s growth recorded an average rate of 2.93% from the early 1990s to 2004. Over the same period, the average growth in the EU was 0.46%. This circumstance, together with several sound policy decisions implemented between 2004 and 2009, ushered in a “golden age of Spanish biotechnology”. In terms of the national patent licenses
issued by the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office (SPTO) between 2004 and 2009, the number in biotechnology grew from 84 to 151. However, the current economic situation in Spain, along with a series of political decisions taken over the past two or three years to cut spending on R&D, predicts a sharp downturn in the performance of Spanish biotechnology. This scenario makes Spain one of the best places to study the successes and failures of the management of science and allows transfer this experience to the other international regions. We need to analyze
the influence of political decisions as a major factor with a bearing on the quality of science.
Using patents as an indicator of scientific development, this paper analyzes the evolution of the biotechnology sector in Spain and its relationship with scientific policy and the management of R&D
Suppression of Tc in the (Y0.9Ca0.1)Ba2Cu4-xFexO8 system
In this paper, the effects produced by the iron substitutions in the
(Y0.9Ca0.1)Ba2Cu4-xFexO8 system on the superconducting and structural
properties are studied. The Rietveld fit of the crystal structure and Mossbauer
spectroscopy results of (Y0.9Ca0.1)Ba2Cu4-xFexO8 samples indicate that, the
iron atoms occupy the Cu(1) sites of the (Cu-O)2 double chain in fivefold
coordination at low iron concentrations. Besides at high iron concentrations
the iron atoms occupy the Cu(1) sites of single Cu-O chainss and Cu(2) sites in
the CuO2 planes of the (Y0.9Ca0.1)Ba2Cu4-xFexO8 phase with structural defects.
Simultaneouly, as iron concentration increases, a faster decrease of Tc is
observed in this material comapred with the YBa2Cu3-xFexO7-y system. According
to the charge transfer model proposed for YBa2Cu4O8 under pressure, the
decrease in the Cu(1)-O(4) bond length in parallel to the increase in the
Cu(2)-O(4) bond length may affect the charge transfer mechanism leading to the
suppression of Tc.Comment: submitted to Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter on 12 October 2001,
8 figures, 2 tables, 9 page
Extracts from Argentinian native plants reverse fluconazole resistance in Candida species by inhibiting the efflux transporters Mdr1 and Cdr1
Background: The development of multidrug resistance (MDR) associated with the overexpression of the efflux transporters Mdr1 and Cdr1 in Candida species impedes antifungal therapies. The urgent need for novel agents able to inhibit the function of both pumps, led us to evaluate this property in 137 extracts obtained from Argentinian plants. Methods: The ability of the extracts to reverse efflux pump-mediated MDR was determined with an agar chemosensitization assay using fluconazole (FCZ) resistant Mdr1- and Cdr1-overexpressing clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata as well as Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains selectively expressing Mdr1 (AD/CaMDR1) or Cdr1 (AD/CaCDR1). The resistance-reversing activity of the most potent extracts was further confirmed using a Nile Red accumulation assay. Results: Fifteen plant extracts overcame the FCZ resistance of Candida albicans 1114, which overexpresses CaMdr1 and CaCdr1, and AD/CaMDR1, with those from Acalypha communis and Solanum atriplicifolium being the most effective showing 4- to 16-fold reversal of resistance at concentrations ≥ 25 µg/mL. Both extracts, and to a lesser extent that from Pterocaulon alopecuroides, also restored FCZ sensitivity in CgCdr1-overexpressing C. glabrata 109 and in AD/CaCDR1 with fold reversal values ranging from 4 to 32 and therefore demonstrating a dual effect against Mdr1 and Cdr1. Both, A. communis and S. atriplicifolium extracts at concentrations ≥ 12.5 and ≥ 25 µg/mL, respectively, increased the intracellular Nile Red accumulation in all yeast strains overexpressing efflux pumps. Conclusions: The non-toxic and highly active extracts from A. communis and S. atripicifolium, provide promising sources of compounds for potentiating the antifungal effect of FCZ by blocking the efflux function of Mdr1 and Cdr1 transporters.Fil: Gil de Marquina, Florimar. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad José Sanchez Labrador S. J. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad José Sanchez Labrador S. J.; ArgentinaFil: Laiolo, Jerónimo. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad José Sanchez Labrador S. J. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad José Sanchez Labrador S. J.; ArgentinaFil: Bayona-Pacheco, Brayan. Universidad del Norte; ColombiaFil: Cannon, Richard D.. University of Otago; Nueva ZelandaFil: Ferreira-Pereira, Antonio. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Carpinella, Maria Cecilia. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad José Sanchez Labrador S. J. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad José Sanchez Labrador S. J.; Argentin
Intensity-field correlation of single-atom resonance fluorescence
We report measurements of an intensity-field correlation function of the
resonance fluorescence of a single trapped Ba+ ion. Detection of a photon
prepares the atom in its ground state and we observe its subsequent evolution
under interaction with a laser field of well defined phase. We record the
regression of the resonance fluorescence source field. This provides a direct
measurement of the field of the radiating dipole of a single atom and exhibits
its strong non-classical behavior. In the experimental setup an interference
measurement is conditioned on a fluorescence photon detection. The third-order
correlation function thus recorded demonstrates an aspect of wave-particle
duality at the single-atom, single-photon level.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, accepted in PR
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