283 research outputs found

    Détermination de faibles quantités de terres rares dans une matrice inorganique par une méthode de RMN

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    Determine the doping level is essential to optimize the properties of materials, e.g. luminescence. We present an original high-accuracy method based on the 31P solid-state NMR relaxation to determine low concentrations (< 1 %) of paramagnetic lanthanide ions. Our method was first applied to a model compound, LaPO4, within the incorporation of the dopant is known. NMR experiments under static and MAS (15 kHz) conditions reveal that the 31P relaxation time T1 is strongly affected by the presence of paramagnetic ions in the vicinity of the phosphorous nuclei. A linear variation of 1 / T1 as a function of neodymium (Nd3+) or gadolinium (Gd3+) concentration is shown in the 0-10 at.% range for a homogeneous distribution of the doping ions in the matrix. In the case of a solid-state synthesis at 1450 °C, relaxation measurements show that the homogeneous distribution of doping ions is ensured when the mixing of oxide precursors is performed mechanically, in contrast with the manual grinding. The electronic relaxation times of Gd3+ and Nd3+ have been evaluated by ESR measurements under saturation conditions. This allows us to provide a semi-quantitative interpretation of the nuclear 31P relaxation measurements both in Nd and Gd doped LaPO4. In addition, the comparison between nuclear and electronic relaxation suggests that Nd-Gd codoping may improve the efficiency of Gd3+ ions, interesting for the development of relaxing agents in MRI techniques. In a last part, we generalize our method to crystalline or amorphous materials.Évaluer le taux de dopage d’un matĂ©riau est indispensable pour optimiser ses propriĂ©tĂ©s, en particulier de luminescence. Nous proposons une technique originale, la relaxation nuclĂ©aire par RMN, pour la dĂ©termination de faibles concentrations en ions lanthanides, paramagnĂ©tiques. Cet outil, basĂ© sur la RMN du solide de 31P, a Ă©tĂ© testĂ© sur un matĂ©riau modĂšle (LaPO4) pour lequel l’incorporation homogĂšne du dopant est connue. Les expĂ©riences de RMN ont Ă©tĂ© faites en statique et en rotation Ă  l’angle magique Ă  15 kHz. Elles ont montrĂ© que le temps de relaxation T1 est trĂšs fortement modifiĂ© par la prĂ©sence des ions paramagnĂ©tiques voisins du phosphore. Pour une distribution homogĂšne en dopants infĂ©rieures Ă  10 %, la variation de 1 / T1 en fonction du taux de nĂ©odyme (Nd3+) ou de gadolinium (Gd3+) est linĂ©aire. Dans le cas d’une synthĂšse par voie solide, ces mesures indiquent que la distribution homogĂšne est assurĂ©e quand les prĂ©curseurs oxydes sont mĂ©langĂ©s mĂ©caniquement mais pas lors d’un broyage manuel. Les temps de relaxation Ă©lectronique de Gd3+ et de Nd3+ ont Ă©tĂ© estimĂ©s par RPE en saturation. Cela nous a permis d’établir une interprĂ©tation semi-quantitative des mesures de relaxation nuclĂ©aire du phosphore dans LaPO4. Par ailleurs, une Ă©tude similaire dans le cas d’un codopage Nd3+/Gd3+ a montrĂ© que la relaxation de Gd3+ gagnait en efficacitĂ© Ă  ĂȘtre associĂ© Ă  Nd3+, ce qui peut ĂȘtre intĂ©ressant pour les techniques d’imagerie par rĂ©sonance magnĂ©tique (IRM). Enfin, cette mĂ©thode a Ă©tĂ© gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e Ă  d’autres matĂ©riaux, cristallins ou amorphes

    Apport des nouvelles gĂ©nĂ©rations de sĂ©quençage pour accĂ©der Ă  la diversitĂ© des communautĂ©s microbiennes du sol : nĂ©cessitĂ© d’un ‘pipeline’ bio-informatique pour les biologistes

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    Communication orale, rĂ©sumĂ©La diversitĂ© microbienne d’un sol est difficile Ă  caractĂ©riser. Ceci s’explique par une accessibilitĂ© plus ou moins importante des populations au sein d’une matrice hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne et structurĂ©e, mais aussi par l’incapacitĂ© Ă  rĂ©soudre une information constituĂ©e de 100 000 Ă  1 000 000 d’espĂšces diffĂ©rentes par gramme de sol. Toutefois, rĂ©cemment, d’importantes avancĂ©es en biologie molĂ©culaire ont permis de mieux caractĂ©riser la diversitĂ© des communautĂ©s microbiennes du sol in situ et ce sans a priori. Ainsi, la puissance des nouvelles gĂ©nĂ©rations de sĂ©quençage comme le pyrosĂ©quençage permettent de travailler en haut-dĂ©bit afin d’obtenir plusieurs dizaines, voire plusieurs centaines de milliers de sĂ©quences Ă  partir d’un ADN mĂ©ta-gĂ©nomique. De premiĂšres Ă©tudes ont dĂ©jĂ  Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es avec cette technique afin d’aborder la diversitĂ© bactĂ©rienne des sols. Ces Ă©tudes ont, pour la premiĂšre fois, permis de quantifier de façon exhaustive la diversitĂ© microbienne de sols en termes de richesse spĂ©cifique et de dĂ©montrer la pertinence, la faisabilitĂ© et la robustesse de cette approche. Cette approche est maintenant unanimement reconnue pour sa pertinence et ses potentialitĂ©s trĂšs importantes, et ce afin de dĂ©terminer la diversitĂ© des microorganismes telluriques. Notre approche consiste en la caractĂ©risation de la diversitĂ© taxonomique (bactĂ©rienne et fongique) de sols sur des Ă©chantillonnages de grande ampleur dans le temps et dans l’espace, avec comme objectifs : (i) de faire un inventaire exhaustif de la diversitĂ© microbienne tellurique, (ii) d’évaluer sa distribution spatiale, (iii) de mieux comprendre sa rĂ©gulation et, (iv) in fine, de pouvoir relier cette diversitĂ© en fonctionnement biologique du sol et en services Ă©cosystĂ©miques [1-3]. Cependant, l’étude d’un aussi grand nombre d’échantillons va entraĂźner la production massive de sĂ©quences. Ce caractĂšre massif, ainsi que les caractĂ©ristiques inhĂ©rentes aux sĂ©quences obtenues par cette technique requiĂšrent le dĂ©veloppement d’outils bioinformatiques adaptĂ©s, optimisĂ©s et Ă©valuĂ©s, afin d’analyser rapidement et efficacement ce type de donnĂ©es. Ce nouveau pipeline d’analyse doit tout d’abord ĂȘtre facile d’utilisation et rĂ©pondre aux attentes des diffĂ©rents utilisateurs, qu’ils soient compĂ©tents en bio-informatique, ou novices dans l’analyse de tels jeux de donnĂ©es. Il doit Ă©galement permettre de gĂ©rer un grand nombre de sĂ©quences et d’automatiser les grandes Ă©tapes d’analyse (prĂ©traitement, filtration, clustĂ©risation, assignation taxonomique, calculs d’indices d’abondance et de diversitĂ©, taux de couverture,
). L’ensemble du systĂšme devra enfin ĂȘtre transfĂ©rĂ© sur un serveur de calcul et accessible au travers d’un serveur Web pour ĂȘtre accessible Ă  la collectivitĂ© des Ă©cologistes microbiens. L’objectif Ă©tant de coupler, sur un grand nombre d’échantillons, cette approche avec des mesures d’activitĂ©s et de faire le lien entre la diversitĂ© microbienne et l’aptitude des sols Ă  rendre des services

    Third-order Els\"asser moments in axisymmetric MHD turbulence

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    Incompressible MHD turbulence is investigated under the presence of a uniform magnetic field \bb0. Such a situation is described in the correlation space by a divergence relation which expresses the statistical conservation of the Els\"asser energy flux through the inertial range. The ansatz is made that the development of anisotropy, observed when B0B_0 is strong enough, implies a foliation of space correlation. A direct consequence is the possibility to derive a vectorial law for third-order Els\"asser moments which is parametrized by the intensity of anisotropy. We use the so-called critical balance assumption to fix this parameter and find a unique expression.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, will appea

    Rapid response to the M_w 4.9 earthquake of November 11, 2019 in Le Teil, Lower RhĂŽne Valley, France

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    On November 11, 2019, a Mw 4.9 earthquake hit the region close to Montelimar (lower RhĂŽne Valley, France), on the eastern margin of the Massif Central close to the external part of the Alps. Occuring in a moderate seismicity area, this earthquake is remarkable for its very shallow focal depth (between 1 and 3 km), its magnitude, and the moderate to large damages it produced in several villages. InSAR interferograms indicated a shallow rupture about 4 km long reaching the surface and the reactivation of the ancient NE-SW La Rouviere normal fault in reverse faulting in agreement with the present-day E-W compressional tectonics. The peculiarity of this earthquake together with a poor coverage of the epicentral region by permanent seismological and geodetic stations triggered the mobilisation of the French post-seismic unit and the broad French scientific community from various institutions, with the deployment of geophysical instruments (seismological and geodesic stations), geological field surveys, and field evaluation of the intensity of the earthquake. Within 7 days after the mainshock, 47 seismological stations were deployed in the epicentral area to improve the Le Teil aftershocks locations relative to the French permanent seismological network (RESIF), monitor the temporal and spatial evolution of microearthquakes close to the fault plane and temporal evolution of the seismic response of 3 damaged historical buildings, and to study suspected site effects and their influence in the distribution of seismic damage. This seismological dataset, completed by data owned by different institutions, was integrated in a homogeneous archive and distributed through FDSN web services by the RESIF data center. This dataset, together with observations of surface rupture evidences, geologic, geodetic and satellite data, will help to unravel the causes and rupture mechanism of this earthquake, and contribute to account in seismic hazard assessment for earthquakes along the major regional CĂ©venne fault system in a context of present-day compressional tectonics

    NMR and ESR relaxation in Nd- and Gd-doped LaPO4 : towards the accurate determination of the doping concentration

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    International audienceWe present an original method based on the 31P solid-state NMR relaxation to determine low concentrations (< 1 at.%) of paramagnetic ions in monazite LaPO4 crystals with a high accuracy (~ 0.1 at.%). NMR experiments in static and MAS (15 kHz) conditions show that the 31P relaxation time T1 is strongly affected by the presence of paramagnetic ions in the vicinity of the phosphorous nuclei. A linear variation of 1/T1 as a function of Nd3+ or Gd3+ concentration is shown in the 0-10 at.% range for a homogeneous distribution of the doping ions in the matrix, which is the case when doped LaPO4 is synthesized by a soft chemistry route, i.e. by aqueous coprecipitation followed by thermal annealing. As a proof of concept for the use of this tool to study dopant homogeneity, we show that in the case of a solid-state synthesis at 1350 °C, relaxation measurements show that the homogeneous distribution of the doping ions is ensured when the mixing of the oxide precursors is performed mechanically, but not in the case of a manual grinding. The electronic relaxation times t1 of Gd3+ and Nd3+ ions are evaluated by ESR measurements under saturation conditions. This allows us to provide a semi-quantitative interpretation of the nuclear 31P relaxation measurements both in Nd and Gd doped LaPO4. In addition, the comparison between nuclear and electronic relaxation suggests that Nd-Gd codoping may improve the efficiency of the Gd3+ ion as relaxing agent in MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) techniques

    Determination of paramagnetic concentrations inside a diamagnetic matrix using solid-state NMR

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    International audienceThe determination of very low doping levels in solid materials is an important issue for many applications. When considering paramagnetic dopants, NMR relaxation technique appears to be much more accurate than classical techniques such as the Vegard's law resulting from X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement or chemical analysis that cannot provide information of appropriate dopant spatial distribution. In a recent report, the linear variation of 1/T1, i.e. the nuclear relaxation rate, as a function of Nd3+ content has been used to determine doping levels with a good dispersion homogeneity in the monazite LaPO4 matrix down to 0.1 mol. %. We here extend this study to more complex compounds doped with Nd3+ , such as YPO4, the solid solution Y0.8Sc0.2PO4, Ba5(PO4)3Cl and a phosphate glass. For all considered compounds except Ba5(PO4)3Cl:Nd, 1/T1 is found to be linearly proportional to the nominal Nd concentration, confirming the ability of the method to investigate dopant concentration and spatial homogeneity. The results on different compounds open the discussion on the parameters influencing the nuclear relaxation rate, among which the orbital overlap and the average P-P distances

    Mechanistic Investigations via DFT Support the Cooperative Heterobimetallic C-H and O-H Bond Activation Across Ta=Ir Multiple Bonds

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    International audienceA rare heterobimetallic oxidative addition of X-H (X = C, O) bonds is reported. DFT suggests that steric constraints around the bimetallic core play a critical role to synergistically activate C-H bonds across the two metals and thus explains the exceptional H/D exchange catalytic activity of unhindered surface organometallic Ta/Ir species observed experimentally

    Characterization of wood components of Portuguese medieval dugout canoes with high-resolution solid-state NMR

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    International audienceHigh-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance of carbon 13 was employed to characterize archaeological wood samples from Portuguese medieval dugout canoes. Structural and chemical modifications were assessed by comparing the structural features of archaeological wood samples with modern wood. The main results concern the strong decrease of sugar moiety with a complete disappearance of hemicelluloses. During ageing in water environment, the b-O-4 inter-unit linkages of lignins have not been degraded. The features of the 13C NMR spectra clearly reveal that the products of degradation of the carbohydrates occurring during depletion of sugars were not recombined inside the lignocellulosic matrix. Finally, this article gives a clear illustration that although the water contents of archaeological wood can certainly be used as a good criterion concerning their state of degradation, solid-state 13C NMR lead to unambiguously data as far the structural properties of archaeological waterlogged woods are concerned
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