Supplementation on Control of Metabolic Variables: A Systematic Review

Abstract Chromium picolinate is widely used as a supplement to improve glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and lipid profile. Its actions, however, extend beyond these metabolic changes, as it has positive effects in the clinical setting of cardiovascular disease, shows anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and even modulates behavior patterns, such as in depression and anxiety. In view of the numerous possible applications of chromium picolinate, understanding the therapeutic properties of this supplement becomes necessary. Thus, the aim of this review is clarify and identify the applications of chromium picolinate, as well as its effectiveness under several clinical conditions. A systematic review was performed during July and September of 2015 through a search on PubMed, Web of Knowledge and SciElo databases using the keywords 'chromium picolinate' and 'supplementation'. Articles selected were published between 2005 and 2015 and written in English, Portuguese and Spanish. The search resulted in 361 articles (Web of Knowledge: 245, Pubmed: 115, SciElo: 1) and after inclusion and exclusion criteria was applied, 12 articles were selected to analyze by reading the full text. Articles reviewed demonstrate that chromium picolinate has a positive action in glucose control, oxidative stress, lipid profile, protein synthesis, binge eating disorder and cognitive decline, although some studies showed absence of effect. Also, a difference was observed in dosage of the supplementation among different samples and there was a largely variable time of treatment. Chromium picolinate supplementation appears to positively contribute to the improvement of metabolic control and health, and could potentially be used as an auxiliary therapy in several diseases

The effects of antioxidant dietary supplements on oxidative stress and its implications in Metabolic Syndrome: a review

The aim was to perform a review in order to elucidate the actions and efficacy of different antioxidant supplements used on Metabolic Syndrome. The articles were searched during October of 2015 to December of 2018, using the databases PubMed and Web of Knowledge. The keywords used were: “Metabolic Syndrome” AND “dietary supplements” OR “antioxidant”. The included articles were published from 2010 and in English. It was applied for articles selection inclusion and exclusion criteria. The articles that fulfilled criteria were analyzed through a full-text reading. Search results in 368 articles (PubMed: 198; Web of Knowledge: 170). After eliminating duplicated data and applying criteria, 16 articles were included to the review. The antioxidant supplements used on the studies included eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), nigella sativa (NS) and garlic, superoxide dismutase (SOD), cholecalciferol, Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), quercetin dehydrate, glycine, α-lipoic acid (ALA), glutathione precursor (F1), taurine, phenolic acids, red yeast rice-olive extract, curcumin, goji berry and arginine. Findings demonstrate a decrease in oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity, G6DH, Nrf2 with a consequently positive effect on insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, improvement in lipid profile, decrease on inflammatory and endothelium dysfunction markers with antioxidant supplements. Therefore, we could conclude that supplementation with antioxidant potential is able to ameliorate parameters of Metabolic Syndrome

Aerobic training reduces oxidative stress in skeletal muscle of rats exposed to air pollution and supplemented with chromium picolinate

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chromium picolinate (CrPic) supplementation associated with aerobic exercise using measures of oxidative stress in rats exposed to air pollution. Methods: Sixty-one male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups: residual oil fly ash (ROFA) exposure and sedentary (ROFA-SED); ROFA exposure, sedentary and supplemented (ROFA-SED-CrPic); ROFA exposure and trained (ROFA-AT); ROFA exposure, supplemented and trained (ROFA-AT-CrPic); sedentary (Sal-SED); sedentary and supplemented (Sal-SED-CrPic); trained (Sal-AT); and supplemented and trained (Sal-AT-CrPic). Rats exposed to ROFA (air pollution) received 50 µg of ROFA daily via intranasal instillation. Supplemented rats received CrPic (1 mg/kg/day) daily by oral gavage. Exercise training was performed on a rat treadmill (5×/week). Oxidative parameters were evaluated at the end of protocols. Results: Trained groups demonstrated lower gain of body mass (P < .001) and increased exercise tolerance (P < .0001). In the gastrocnemius, trained groups demonstrated increased SOD activity (P < .0001) and decrease levels of TBARS (P = .0014), although CAT activity did not differ among groups (P = .4487). Conclusion: Air pollution exposure did not lead to alterations in oxidative markers in lungs and heart, and exercise training was responsible for decreasing oxidative stress of the gastrocnemius

Resistance training and L-arginine supplementation are determinant in genomic stability, cardiac contractility and muscle mass development in rats.

L-arginine supplementation has been related to increased maximum strength and improvement of hemodynamic parameters in several diseases. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of L-arginine supplementation and resistance training on muscle mass, hemodynamic function and DNA damage in healthy rats subjected to a low-arginine concentration diet. Twenty three Wistar rats (290-320g) were divided into 4 groups: Sedentary (SED-Arg, n = 6), Sedentary+Arg (SED+Arg, n = 6), Resistance Training (RT-Arg, n = 5), Resistance Training+Arg (RT+Arg, n = 6). Trained animals performed resistance training protocol in a squat apparatus adapted for rats (4 sets of 10-12 repetitions, 90s of interval, 4x/week, 65-75% of One Maximum Repetition, for 8 weeks). Comet assay was performed to measure DNA damage in leukocytes. The resistance training induced higher muscle mass in trained groups. The L-arginine supplementation increased both gastrocnemius and left ventricle to body mass ratio and increased left ventricle contractility without changing hemodynamic variables. The SED+Arg group showed higher concentration of extracellular heat shock protein 72 (eHSP72) and total testosterone, as well as lower uric acid concentration in blood versus SED-Arg group. The administration of isolated L-arginine supplementation and its association with resistance training promoted less damage in leukocytes DNA. In conclusion, the L-arginine supplementation showed synergistic effect with resistance training regarding leukocyte genomic stability in a low-L-arginine diet scenario

Mild to moderate post-COVID-19 alters markers of lymphocyte activation, exhaustion, and immunometabolic responses that can be partially associated by physical activity level— an observational sub-analysis fit- COVID study

AimThis study aimed to evaluate if physical activity is associated with systemic and cellular immunometabolic responses, in young adults after mild-to-moderate COVID-19 infection.MethodsMild- to- moderate post-COVID-19 patients (70.50 ± 43.10 days of diagnosis; age: 29.4 (21.9– 34.9) years; BMI: 25.5 ± 4.3 kg m2 n = 20) and healthy age-matched controls (age: 29.3 (21.2 – 32.6) years; BMI: 25.4 ± 4.7 kg m2; n = 20) were evaluated. Physical activity levels (PAL), body composition, dietary habits, muscular and pulmonary function, mental health, sleep quality, metabolic parameters, immune phenotypic characterization, stimulated whole blood and PBMC culture (cytokine production), mRNA, and mitochondrial respiration in PBMCs were evaluated. ResultsThe post-COVID-19 group exhibited lower levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (p = 0.038); therefore, all study comparisons were performed with adjustment for MVPA. Post-COVID-19 impacted the pulmonary function (FEV1, FEV1%pred, FVC, and FVC %pred) compared with the control (p adjusted by MVPA (p adj) &lt;0.05). Post-COVID-19 exhibited lower levels of serum IL-6 (p adj &lt;0.01), whereas it showed higher serum IL-10, triglyceride, leptin, IgG, ACE activity, TNFRSF1A, and PGE2 (p adj &lt;0.05) levels compared with controls. Post-COVID-19 presented a lower percentage of Treg cells (p adj = 0.03) and altered markers of lymphocyte activation and exhaustion (lower CD28 expression in CD8+ T cells (p adj = 0.014), whereas CD4+T cells showed higher PD1 expression (p adj = 0.037)) compared with the control group. Finally, post- COVID-19 presented an increased LPS-stimulated whole- blood IL-10 concentration (p adj &lt;0.01). When exploring mitochondrial respiration and gene expression in PBMCs, we observed a higher LEAK state value (p adj &lt;0.01), lower OXPHOS activity (complex I) (p adj = 0.04), and expression of the Rev-Erb-α clock mRNA after LPS stimulation in the post-COVID-19 patients than in the control (p adj &lt;0.01). Mainly, PAL was associated with changes in IL-10, triglyceride, and leptin levels in the plasma of post-COVID-19 patients. PAL was also associated with modulation of the peripheral frequency of Treg cells and the expression of PD-1 in CD8+ T cells, although it abrogated the statistical effect in the analysis of TNF-α and IL-6 production by LPS- and PMA-stimulated PBMC of post-COVID-19 patients. ConclusionYoung adults after mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection appeared to have lower physical activity levels, which can be associated with clinical and immunometabolic responses in a complex manner

Image_3_Mild to moderate post-COVID-19 alters markers of lymphocyte activation, exhaustion, and immunometabolic responses that can be partially associated by physical activity level— an observational sub-analysis fit- COVID study.tif

AimThis study aimed to evaluate if physical activity is associated with systemic and cellular immunometabolic responses, in young adults after mild-to-moderate COVID-19 infection.MethodsMild- to- moderate post-COVID-19 patients (70.50 ± 43.10 days of diagnosis; age: 29.4 (21.9– 34.9) years; BMI: 25.5 ± 4.3 kg m2 n = 20) and healthy age-matched controls (age: 29.3 (21.2 – 32.6) years; BMI: 25.4 ± 4.7 kg m2; n = 20) were evaluated. Physical activity levels (PAL), body composition, dietary habits, muscular and pulmonary function, mental health, sleep quality, metabolic parameters, immune phenotypic characterization, stimulated whole blood and PBMC culture (cytokine production), mRNA, and mitochondrial respiration in PBMCs were evaluated. ResultsThe post-COVID-19 group exhibited lower levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (p = 0.038); therefore, all study comparisons were performed with adjustment for MVPA. Post-COVID-19 impacted the pulmonary function (FEV1, FEV1%pred, FVC, and FVC %pred) compared with the control (p adjusted by MVPA (p adj) 2 (p adj + T cells (p adj = 0.014), whereas CD4+T cells showed higher PD1 expression (p adj = 0.037)) compared with the control group. Finally, post- COVID-19 presented an increased LPS-stimulated whole- blood IL-10 concentration (p adj ConclusionYoung adults after mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection appeared to have lower physical activity levels, which can be associated with clinical and immunometabolic responses in a complex manner.</p