Fuel Calculation for MRJT Aircraft

U završnom radu definiran je i objašnjen utjecaj mase na performanse zrakoplova, pojam politike planiranja goriva te su objašnjene vrste goriva koje se planiraju u prijeletnom izračunu. Definirani su uvjeti koje ruta i alternativni aerodrom trebaju zadovoljavati, te je odabrana ruta, alternativni aerodrom i visina leta. Prikazane su metode proračuna potrošnje goriva, određivanje pozicije točke jednakog vremena i točke sigurnog povratka za odabranu rutu za generički mlazni zrakoplov srednjeg doleta. Definirana je nadopuna goriva i indeks troškova.In this thesis, it's defined and explained the influence of the mass on the aircraft's performance, the definition of the fuel policy and fuel types within the preflight calculations are explained. Defined are the conditions which the route and the alternative aerodromes have to fulfil and the route, alternative airport and the flight level have been chosen. Shown are the methods of the fuel consumption calculations, the point of equal time and point of safe return for the selected route for medium range jet transport (MRJT) aircraft. The fuel tankering and cost index are defined

Defining Criteria for Establishing Seaplane Transport Organisation According to Aeronautical Standards

Osnivanje organizacije za prijevoz hidroavionima je složen i dugotrajan proces u kojem prijevoznik mora ispuniti razne kriterije u skladu s propisima kako bi mogao početi operirati. Hidroavioni operiraju i na vodi i u zraku, stoga organizacija treba biti usklađena i sa zračnim i s pomorskim propisima. U ovom radu se objašnjava koji su potrebni zahtjevi za osnivanje organizacije za zračni prijevoz hidroavionima. Prikazana je analiza prethodnih iskustava operiranjem hidroavionima u nacionalnom, regionalnom i svjetskom prostoru, ustroj i sustav upravljanja organizacije za zračni prijevoz hidroavionima te analiza i prijedlog sustava sigurnosti i sustava nadziranja usklađenosti u organizaciji za zračni prijevoz hidroavionima.Establishing seaplane transport organisation is complex and time-consuming process in which a carrier must meet various regulatory criteria in order to be able to start operate. Seaplanes operate on both water and land, so the organisation should comply with both air and maritime regulations. In this thesis are defined criteria for establishing seaplane transport organisation. The thesis is consist of analysis of previous experiences of operating seaplanes in national, European and world space, the organisation and management system of seaplane transport organisation, proposal of safety management system and proposal of compliance management system of seaplane transport organisation

Defining Criteria for Establishing Seaplane Transport Organisation According to Aeronautical Standards

Osnivanje organizacije za prijevoz hidroavionima je složen i dugotrajan proces u kojem prijevoznik mora ispuniti razne kriterije u skladu s propisima kako bi mogao početi operirati. Hidroavioni operiraju i na vodi i u zraku, stoga organizacija treba biti usklađena i sa zračnim i s pomorskim propisima. U ovom radu se objašnjava koji su potrebni zahtjevi za osnivanje organizacije za zračni prijevoz hidroavionima. Prikazana je analiza prethodnih iskustava operiranjem hidroavionima u nacionalnom, regionalnom i svjetskom prostoru, ustroj i sustav upravljanja organizacije za zračni prijevoz hidroavionima te analiza i prijedlog sustava sigurnosti i sustava nadziranja usklađenosti u organizaciji za zračni prijevoz hidroavionima.Establishing seaplane transport organisation is complex and time-consuming process in which a carrier must meet various regulatory criteria in order to be able to start operate. Seaplanes operate on both water and land, so the organisation should comply with both air and maritime regulations. In this thesis are defined criteria for establishing seaplane transport organisation. The thesis is consist of analysis of previous experiences of operating seaplanes in national, European and world space, the organisation and management system of seaplane transport organisation, proposal of safety management system and proposal of compliance management system of seaplane transport organisation

Defining Criteria for Establishing Seaplane Transport Organisation According to Aeronautical Standards

Osnivanje organizacije za prijevoz hidroavionima je složen i dugotrajan proces u kojem prijevoznik mora ispuniti razne kriterije u skladu s propisima kako bi mogao početi operirati. Hidroavioni operiraju i na vodi i u zraku, stoga organizacija treba biti usklađena i sa zračnim i s pomorskim propisima. U ovom radu se objašnjava koji su potrebni zahtjevi za osnivanje organizacije za zračni prijevoz hidroavionima. Prikazana je analiza prethodnih iskustava operiranjem hidroavionima u nacionalnom, regionalnom i svjetskom prostoru, ustroj i sustav upravljanja organizacije za zračni prijevoz hidroavionima te analiza i prijedlog sustava sigurnosti i sustava nadziranja usklađenosti u organizaciji za zračni prijevoz hidroavionima.Establishing seaplane transport organisation is complex and time-consuming process in which a carrier must meet various regulatory criteria in order to be able to start operate. Seaplanes operate on both water and land, so the organisation should comply with both air and maritime regulations. In this thesis are defined criteria for establishing seaplane transport organisation. The thesis is consist of analysis of previous experiences of operating seaplanes in national, European and world space, the organisation and management system of seaplane transport organisation, proposal of safety management system and proposal of compliance management system of seaplane transport organisation

Non-Invasive Quantification of White and Brown Adipose Tissues and Liver Fat Content by Computed Tomography in Mice

OBJECTIVES: Obesity and its distribution pattern are important factors for the prediction of the onset of diabetes in humans. Since several mouse models are suitable to study the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes the aim was to validate a novel computed tomograph model (Aloka-Hitachi LCT-200) for the quantification of visceral, subcutaneous, brown and intrahepatic fat depots in mice. METHODS: Different lean and obese mouse models (C57BL/6, B6.V-Lep(ob), NZO) were used to determine the most adequate scanning parameters for the detection of the different fat depots. The data were compared with those obtained after preparation and weighing the fat depots. Liver fat content was determined by biochemical analysis. RESULTS: The correlations between weights of fat tissues on scale and weights determined by CT were significant for subcutaneous (r(2) = 0.995), visceral (r(2) = 0.990) and total white adipose tissue (r(2) = 0.992). Moreover, scans in the abdominal region, between lumbar vertebrae L4 to L5 correlated with whole-body fat distribution allowing experimenters to reduce scanning time and animal exposure to radiation and anesthesia. Test-retest reliability and measurements conducted by different experimenters showed a high reproducibility in the obtained results. Intrahepatic fat content estimated by CT was linearly related to biochemical analysis (r(2) = 0.915). Furthermore, brown fat mass correlated well with weighted brown fat depots (r(2) = 0.952). In addition, short-term cold-expose (4 °C, 4 hours) led to alterations in brown adipose tissue attributed to a reduction in triglyceride content that can be visualized as an increase in Hounsfield units by CT imaging. CONCLUSION: The 3D imaging of fat by CT provides reliable results in the quantification of total, visceral, subcutaneous, brown and intrahepatic fat in mice. This non-invasive method allows the conduction of longitudinal studies of obesity in mice and therefore enables experimenters to investigate the onset of complex diseases such as diabetes and obesity

Fuel Calculation for MRJT Aircraft

U završnom radu definiran je i objašnjen utjecaj mase na performanse zrakoplova, pojam politike planiranja goriva te su objašnjene vrste goriva koje se planiraju u prijeletnom izračunu. Definirani su uvjeti koje ruta i alternativni aerodrom trebaju zadovoljavati, te je odabrana ruta, alternativni aerodrom i visina leta. Prikazane su metode proračuna potrošnje goriva, određivanje pozicije točke jednakog vremena i točke sigurnog povratka za odabranu rutu za generički mlazni zrakoplov srednjeg doleta. Definirana je nadopuna goriva i indeks troškova.In this thesis, it's defined and explained the influence of the mass on the aircraft's performance, the definition of the fuel policy and fuel types within the preflight calculations are explained. Defined are the conditions which the route and the alternative aerodromes have to fulfil and the route, alternative airport and the flight level have been chosen. Shown are the methods of the fuel consumption calculations, the point of equal time and point of safe return for the selected route for medium range jet transport (MRJT) aircraft. The fuel tankering and cost index are defined

A Novel Hybrid Approach for Modeling and Optimisation of Phosphoric Acid Production through the Integration of AspenTech, SciLab Unit Operation, Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithm

The purpose of the study was to identify and predict the optimized parameters for phosphoric acid production. This involved modeling the crystal reactor, UCEGO filter (as a detailed model of the filter is not available in Aspen Plus or other simulation software), and acid separator using Sci-Lab to develop Cape-Open models. The simulation was conducted using Aspen Plus and involved analyzing 10 different phosphates with varying qualities and fractions of P2O5 and other minerals. After a successful simulation, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by varying parameters such as capacity, filter speed, vacuum, particle size, water temperature for washing the filtration cake, flow of recycled acid and strong acid from the separator below the filter, flow of slurry to reactor 1, temperature in reactors, and flow of H2SO4, resulting in nearly one million combinations. To create an algorithm for predicting process parameters and the maximal extent of recovering H3PO4 from slurry, ANN models were developed with a determination coefficient of 99%. Multi-objective optimization was then performed using a genetic algorithm to find the most suitable parameters that would lead to a higher reaction degree (96–97%) and quantity of separated H3PO4 and lower losses of gypsum. The results indicated that it is possible to predict the influence of process parameters on the quality of produced acid and minimize losses during production. The developed model was confirmed to be viable when compared to results found in the literature

Brown adipose tissue.

<p>Correlation between resected brown adipose tissue (BAT) weighted on scale and estimations of fat depot weights by CT. (A) BAT depot in situ (interscapular), (B) resected BAT depot inserted under the liver, (C) resected BAT depot inserted in gonadal fat depot; dashed line – identity line, r² - coefficient of determination. (D) Analysis examples of two different slices of interscapular brown adipose tissue depot by ImageJ (NIH) program. Upper panel: raw gray scale scan slices, lower panel: manually outlined and selected BAT in ImageJ (NIH).</p

Coefficients of variance (CV) between simplified and detailed corrections of whole body scans.

<p>Eight C57BL/6 mice per group; CVs presented as mean (%) ± SEM.</p

Quantification of hepatic fat by CT.

<p>Selected areas of liver (A; blue), spleen (B; red) and WAT (C; green) for determination of mean HU values. upper panel (1): raw gray scale scan slices, lower panel (2): selected organ parts used in calculation of liver fat. (D) Relationship between amounts of intrahepatic fat isolated and quantified with biochemical analysis and estimations by computed tomography. Dashed line – identity line, r² - coefficient of determination.</p