Stabilization of spin states of an open system : bichromatic driving of resonance transitions in NV ensembles in diamond

We apply a laser and two nearly degenerate microwave fields upon an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond and observe magnetic resonance structures with two-component, composite shapes of nested Lorentzians with different widths. One component of them undergoes regular power-broadening, whereas the linewidth of the other one becomes power-independent and undergoes field-induced stabilization. We show that the observed width stabilization is a general phenomenon that results from competition between coherent driving and non-conservation of populations that occur in open systems. The phenomenon is interpreted in terms of specific combinations of state populations that play the role of bright and dark states

AUDIT OF LOGISTIC PROCESSES AS AN ELEMENT OF BUSINESS COOPERATION OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES

The audit of logistic processes is an important element of modern management of international enterprises. It is a mechanism that verifies the quality of processes carried out in an enterprise. The audit is a kind of confirmation of the requirements that business partners expect and which must be met in order to be able to establish business cooperation. The article has a theoretical and empirical character and is an introduction to the presented problem, requiring further in-depth research. The article is a case study analysing a logistics audit that was carried out in an automotive industry enterprise.The audit of logistic processes is an important element of modern management of international enterprises. It is a mechanism that verifies the quality of processes carried out in an enterprise. The audit is a kind of confirmation of the requirements that business partners expect and which must be met in order to be able to establish business cooperation. The article has a theoretical and empirical character and is an introduction to the presented problem, requiring further in-depth research. The article is a case study analysing a logistics audit that was carried out in an automotive industry enterprise

Intencjonalność i intersubiektywność a zasada kauzalności w polskim prawie cywilnym

The paper presents and discusses the principle of causability as expressed in many civil codes. This principle requires that the existence of any obligations of transfers of ownership the legal cause – usually associated with 3 types of dealings having been identified by Roman jurists and elaborated by postglosators and founders of the 17th-century natural law movement, namely: causa solvendi, donandi, aquirendi, or causa cavendi – creates a condition for validity of legal act. Referring to the philosophical background of the analytical philosophy of intention and intersubjectivity, authors advocate a modified theory of causability, according to which it is permissible for the parties to invoke abstract actions if this is not opposed by binding legal provisions.Artykuł przedstawia różne teorie dotyczące zasady kauzalności czynności prawnych przysparzających, obowiązującej w różnych kodyfikacjach prawa cywilnego. Zasada ta w ogólnym zarysie stanowi warunek ważności czynności prawnych przysparzających, wpływając na konstrukcję zobowiązań oraz przeniesienia własności. Wywodzące się jeszcze z prawa rzymskiego, a następnie rozwinięte przez postglosatorów oraz zwolenników szkoły prawa natury typy kauza, takie jak causa solvendi, donandi, aquirendi czy causa cavendi stały się zatem punktem odniesienia dla oceny ważności przysporzeń. Odnosząc się do intencjonalnego działania na płaszczyźnie intersubiektywnej w ujęciu filozofii analitycznej, autorzy opowiadają się za modyfikacją zasady kauzalności i dopuszczeniem możliwości kształtowania czynności oderwanych od przyczyny prawnej, o ile nie jest to sprzeczne z obowiązującymi przepisami

Cyberspace as a Precondition of the application of law in a multicentric European legal area

Cyberspace as a Precondition of the application of law in a multicentric European legal are

An annotaded checklist of the Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidomorpha) of Poland

The paper presents a comprehensive compilation of 764 taxa (species and subspecies), distributed over 167 genera, belonging to 17 subfamilies, three families and three superfamilies of Aphidomorpha recorded to date from Poland. The systematic positions of 19 taxa have been revised in accordance with recent changes in nomenclature. The presence in the Polish aphidofauna of Drepanosiphum oregonensis and Coloradoa huculaki, previously included without any distribution data in checklists of Polish aphids, has been confirmed. One species Sitobion (Sitobion) alopecuri is recognized as being new to Poland. At least 44 species (6% of local fauna of Aphidomorpha) are alien to Poland; among them 11 species collected from plants imported or cultivated in indoor conditions are listed

Sensing of magnetic-field gradients with nanodiamonds on optical glass-fiber facets

We demonstrate a photonic sensor of the magnetic field and its gradients with remote readout. The sensor is based on optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) in nanodiamonds with nitrogen-vacancy color centers that are covalently attached as a thin film on one facet of an optical fiber bundle. By measuring ODMR signals from a group of individual fibers in an ∼0.5-mm-wide imaging bundle, differences of local magnetic field strengths and magnetic field gradients are determined across the plane of the bundle facet. The measured gradients are created by direct electric currents flowing in a wire placed near the nanodiamond film. The measurement enabled the determination of the net magnetic field corresponding to various current directions and their corresponding magnetic field gradients. This demonstration opens up a perspective for compact fiber-based endoscopy, with additional avenues for remote and sensitive magnetic field detection with submicrometer spatial resolution under ambient conditions

Nitrogen-vacancy color centers created by proton implantation in a diamond

We present an experimental study of the longitudinal and transverse relaxation of ensembles of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV−) centers in a diamond monocrystal prepared by 1.8 MeV proton implantation. The focused proton beam was used to introduce vacancies at a 20 µµm depth layer. Applied doses were in the range of 1.5×1013 to 1.5×1017 ions/cm2. The samples were subsequently annealed in vacuum which resulted in a migration of vacancies and their association with the nitrogen present in the diamond matrix. The proton implantation technique proved versatile to control production of nitrogen-vacancy color centers in thin films

Wide-field magnetometry using nitrogen-vacancy color centers with randomly oriented micro-diamonds

Magnetometry with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond has gained significant interest among researchers in recent years. Absolute knowledge of the three-dimensional orientation of the magnetic field is necessary for many applications. Conventional magnetometry measurements are usually performed with NV ensembles in a bulk diamond with a thin NV layer or a scanning probe in the form of a diamond tip, which requires a smooth sample surface and proximity of the probing device, often limiting the sensing capabilities. Our approach is to use micro- and nano-diamonds for wide-field detection and mapping of the magnetic field. In this study, we show that NV color centers in randomly oriented submicrometer-sized diamond powder deposited in a thin layer on a planar surface can be used to detect the magnetic field. Our work can be extended to irregular surfaces, which shows a promising path for nanodiamond-based photonic sensors

Optical magnetometry based on nanodiamonds with nitrogen-vacancy color centers

Nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond are a very promising medium for many sensing applications such as magnetometry and thermometry. In this work, we study nanodiamonds deposited from a suspension onto glass substrates. Fluorescence and optically detected magnetic resonance spectra recorded with the dried-out nanodiamond ensembles are presented and a suitable scheme for tracking the magnetic-field value using a continuous poly-crystalline spectrum is introduced. Lastly, we demonstrate a remote-sensing capability of the high-numerical-aperture imaging fiber bundle with nanodiamonds deposited on its end facet