La efervescencia social como problema de investigación

This article presents the necessity of taking distance from a widely shared conception by experts and commentators with regards to multitude mobilization. The capacity to manifest a man's popularity or a cause iscommonly contributed to this very conception. Moods are thereby deduced from the observation of behaviours or individual beliefs, assuming that acclamation is equivalent to an act of adherence. The author's demonstration isthe following: 1) to show the reasons for the astonishing social effectiveness ofthis conception; and 2) to indicate that expert interpretations should not abusively reduce the act of acclamation to the mere exercise of an act of will, which debatably derives the existence of public moods from the observation of the participants' behaviour in a multitudinal concentration. The conclusion of the article rests on the necessity to give back social density to those "effervescence moments", forcing the author to clarify his/her point of research.    El artículo plantea la necesaria toma de distancia respecto a una concepción ampliamente compartida por los comentaristas y expertos de la movilización de las multitudes. Se atribuye comúnmente a ésta la capacidad de manifestar la popularidad de un hombre o de una causa. Se deduce así estados de ánimo de la observación de comportamientos o de creencias individuales, suponiendo que la aclamación equivale a un acto de adhesión. La demostración del autor consiste en cambio en 1. mostrar las razones de la asombrosa eficacia social de esta concepción; y 2. señalar que las interpretaciones expertas no deberían reducir abusivamente el acto de aclamación al mero ejercicio de un acto de voluntad, haciendo derivar discutiblemente la existencia de estados de ánimo del público de la observación de los comportamientos de los participantes en una concentraciónmultitudinaria. El artículo concluye sobre la necesidad de devolver una densidad social a esos “momentos de efervescencia”, esforzándose por precisar la postura de investigación del autor

Visits of Sovereignty and the articulation of the national and the local in France and Germany on the eve of World War I

This paper seeks to explore the problems and potentialities of asymmetrical historical comparison by examining visits by heads of State to the provinces in Germany and France on the eve of WW I. This act of political legitimisation and representation is analysed through the lens of the practical organization of the event understood as an administrative routine, thereby bringing into question many of the categories routinely mobilised to describe and to oppose two models of national integration

The household effect on electoral participation:A contextual analysis of voter signatures from a French polling station (1982-2007)

We use electoral participation data coded from signature lists to show that patterns of voter turnout, be they related to average participation, versatility or precise moments of voting, are strongly related to what we call “electorate households”, i.e. groups of voters registered in the same polling station and living together. Each household tends to be homogeneous, at levels much higher than chance would explain, so that modelling individual participation without taking this household effect into account ignores much of what actually happens. The status in the household also plays an important role among individual factors of voter participation. Not only do people who live together often participate together, but the precise shape of their relationships influences their behaviour

La réflexivité comme second mouvement

RésuméÀ partir d’une lecture du livre de Luc Boltanski, De la critique, l’article tente de préciser quels sont les moments sociaux où la réflexivité s’épanouit. Il avance l’hypothèse que, loin d’être continûment présente à nos actions, elle intervient essentiellement dans les situations qui échappent aux normes, à ce qui est usuel. En ce sens, elle peut être dite seconde à la fois vis-à-vis d’une réalité qui lui préexiste et parce qu’elle est une complication par rapport à une action « portée par les institutions ». Déterminer l’équilibre entre conjonctures routinières et moments critiques est essentiel aux sciences sociales : parce qu’elles interrogent leurs enquêtés ou consignent leurs justifications, celles-ci tendent à imposer chez eux la production de postures réflexives dont, pourtant, ils peuvent le plus souvent se passer.Reflexivity as a Second MovementThis reading of Luc Boltanski’s book, De la critique, tries to identify the « social moments » when reflexivity flourishes. It advances the hypothesis that, far from being continuously present in our actions, reflexivity mainly comes into play in situations that sidestep norms and the usual. In this sense, it can be said to be secondary to a preexisting reality and to be a complication in relation to the actions borne by institutions. It is essential to the social sciences to determine the equilibrium between routine and critical moments. Since these sciences ask questions of their informants and record their explanations, they tend to force the latter to adopt reflexive postures that they can usually do without

La mobilisation normalienne et le « service de l’État »

En raison de ses pertes effroyables, mais aussi à la lecture des prises de position et témoignages laissés par certains normaliens, combattants ou non, survivants ou décédés, l’École normale supérieure (ENS) de la rue d’Ulm est devenue une sorte d’incarnation de l’engagement patriotique des intellectuels dans le conflit. C’est cette image que je voudrais ici interroger, essentiellement au moyen de l’opération classique consistant à réinsérer les exemples mis en avant dans l’ensemble de la pop..

Segregation between SMCHD1 mutation, D4Z4 hypomethylation and Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy: a case report

International audienceBackground: The main form of Facio-Scapulo-Humeral muscular Dystrophy is linked to copy number reduction of the 4q D4Z4 macrosatellite (FSHD1). In 5 % of cases, FSHD phenotype appears in the absence of D4Z4 reduction (FSHD2). In 70-80 % of these patients, variants of the SMCHD1 gene segregate with 4qA haplotypes and D4Z4 hypomethylation.Case presentation: We report a family presenting with neuromuscular symptoms reminiscent of FSHD but without D4Z4 copy reduction. We characterized the 4q35 region using molecular combing, searched for mutation in the SMCHD1 gene and determined D4Z4 methylation level by sodium bisulfite sequencing. We further investigated the impact of the SMCHD1 mutation at the protein level and on the NMD-dependent degradation of transcript. In muscle, we observe moderate but significant reduction in D4Z4 methylation, not correlated with DUX4-fl expression. Exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous insertion of 7 bp in exon 37 of the SMCHD1 gene producing a loss of frame with premature stop codon 4 amino acids after the insertion (c.4614-4615insTATAATA). Both wild-type and mutated transcripts are detected.Conclusion: The truncated protein is absent and the full-length protein level is similar in patients and controls indicating that in this family, FSHD is not associated with SMCHD1 haploinsufficiency

Les mises en guerre de l'État

À partir de l’été 1914, les sociétés européennes paraissent brutalement saisies par la guerre et, ce faisant, saisies par l’État. C’est en son nom que des millions d’hommes vont s’affronter, sous l’uniforme, et que s’opère une gigantesque « mobilisation » des corps, des esprits et des ressources, pour reprendre le terme de l’époque toujours employé par les historiens et les historiennes. Cent ans plus tard, alors que tous les États ayant fait la guerre ont engagé de vastes programmes de commémoration, le moment semblait particulièrement opportun pour comprendre comment l’État parvient à faire la guerre et ce que la guerre fait à l’État. L’emprise de l’État est-elle immédiate, progressive, continue ou discontinue ? Connaît-elle des phases d’essoufflement, des ratés ? S’accompagne-t-elle de phénomènes parallèles de « déprise » ? Loin de toute généralité ou de toute extrapolation hasardeuse, est-il possible de repérer des formes de résistance ou d’évitement ? Interroger le processus de nationalisation des sociétés européennes, tel est l’un des enjeux de cet ouvrage pluridisciplinaire, largement ouvert dans l’espace et dans le temps autour du point de référence de 1914. Composé d’enquêtes bien circonscrites, l’ouvrage s’inscrit dans une histoire sociale de la guerre, et permet de questionner ce qui semble une évidence, au moins en France : la spectaculaire capacité de l’État à mobiliser, presque du jour au lendemain, une société tout entière.From the summer of 1914, European societies seem brutally seized by war and, as a consequence, seized by the State. In the name of the State, millions of men enrolled in the armed forces are to fight one another. Bodies, minds and resources are subjected to a gigantic "mobilization", a contemporary word still used by historians. A hundred years later, when all the warring States, as well as the States that were born from the conflict, are launching ambitious commemorative programs, the moment seems well chosen to study how the State wages war and, in return, how war transforms the State. As part of this vast topic, this international and multidisciplinary (history, political science, sociology) conference will address the invention of the War State, from the perspective of all the processes through which the event has – or does not have – an impact on the organisation, actions and conduct of the public power. The aim is to identify potential changes or limited adjustments, but always within situations of transition born from the conflict. Is the intensification of the State's hold on society immediate or gradual, continuous or discontinuous? Are there slower phases, failures? Is it paralleled with a loss of influence in other areas? Is it possible to detect forms of resistance or avoidance, while refraining from all generalizations and risky extrapolations? Questioning the process of nationalisation of European societies is one of the challenges of this multidisciplinary work, which is widely open in space and time around the 1914 key date. Composed of well-defined surveys, the book falls within a social perspective of war, and allows us to question what seems obvious, at least in France: the spectacular capacity of the State to mobilize, almost overnight, an entire society

Le rite sans ses mythes : forme rituelle, temps et histoire

Rites without their myths: ritual form, time and history Starting from recent ethnographic writings on the Iatmut people, M. Houseman and С; Severi propose a new reading of the Naven rite, studied by Gregory Bateson in his thesis published in 1936. This work reconsiders the uses of the anthropological notion of rites in social sciences and underlines the advantage of placing it in a historical context. The notion of rites can therefore be considered over a period of time since its material elements as well as its meaning may vary according to historical and social contexts without calling into question its continuation (this is the approach already taken by E. P. Thompson in his analysis of charivari). Furthermore, the new reading allows a more clear-cut distinction between two notions that are often confused: ritual action and codified behaviour (using the example of mealtimes analyzed by С. Grignon).■ Le rite sans ses mythes : forme rituelle, temps et histoire A partir d'ethnographies récentes en territoire Iatmul, M. Houseman et С Severi proposent une relecture du rite Naven étudié par Gregory Bateson dans sa thèse publiée en 1936. Ce travail permet de reconsidérer les usages de la notion anthropologique de rite dans les sciences sociales et de souligner l'intérêt de son historicisation : reconnaissable à travers une forme relationnelle, la notion de rite devient ainsi pensable dans la durée puisque ses éléments matériels comme son sens peuvent varier selon ses contextes historiques et sociaux sans que sa perpétuation soit remise en cause (c'est la piste déjà ouverte par E. P. Thompson dans son analyse du charivari). D'autre part, cette relecture permet de distinguer plus fermement les notions souvent confondues d'action rituelle et de comportement codifié (à travers l'exemple des horaires des repas analysé par С; Grignon).Mariot Nicolas. Le rite sans ses mythes : forme rituelle, temps et histoire. In: Genèses, 21, 1995. Le nazisme et les savants, sous la direction de Susanna Magri . pp. 148-162

La efervescencia social como problema de investigación

This article presents the necessity of taking distance from a widely shared conception by experts and commentators with regards to multitude mobilization. The capacity to manifest a man's popularity or a cause iscommonly contributed to this very conception. Moods are thereby deduced from the observation of behaviours or individual beliefs, assuming that acclamation is equivalent to an act of adherence. The author's demonstration isthe following: 1) to show the reasons for the astonishing social effectiveness ofthis conception; and 2) to indicate that expert interpretations should not abusively reduce the act of acclamation to the mere exercise of an act of will, which debatably derives the existence of public moods from the observation of the participants' behaviour in a multitudinal concentration. The conclusion of the article rests on the necessity to give back social density to those "effervescence moments", forcing the author to clarify his/her point of research.    El artículo plantea la necesaria toma de distancia respecto a una concepción ampliamente compartida por los comentaristas y expertos de la movilización de las multitudes. Se atribuye comúnmente a ésta la capacidad de manifestar la popularidad de un hombre o de una causa. Se deduce así estados de ánimo de la observación de comportamientos o de creencias individuales, suponiendo que la aclamación equivale a un acto de adhesión. La demostración del autor consiste en cambio en 1. mostrar las razones de la asombrosa eficacia social de esta concepción; y 2. señalar que las interpretaciones expertas no deberían reducir abusivamente el acto de aclamación al mero ejercicio de un acto de voluntad, haciendo derivar discutiblemente la existencia de estados de ánimo del público de la observación de los comportamientos de los participantes en una concentraciónmultitudinaria. El artículo concluye sobre la necesidad de devolver una densidad social a esos “momentos de efervescencia”, esforzándose por precisar la postura de investigación del autor