Characterization of the spatial and temporal distribution of the plague Xylotrechus arvicola in vineyards in the south of the province of León

[ES] El coleóptero Xylotrechus arvícola (Olivier, 1795) se está convirtiendo en una plaga de creciente importancia en las principales regiones vitivinícolas de la península ibérica. Su infestación es difícil de detectar y controlar debido a que las larvas de estos cerambícidos se introducen en el interior de la madera de las vides perforando numerosas galerías y ocasionando grandes daños estructurales en las plantas y en su producción. Este estudio se ha centrado en analizar y comparar la distribución espacio-temporal de la plaga X. arvicola dentro de un viñedo localizado en la Denominación de Origen “León” (Gordoncillo, León). Para ello, se ha hecho un seguimiento de la incidencia de la plaga en cinco parcelas con diferentes variedades de vid durante cuatro años, desde 2017 hasta 2020. En cada una de las parcelas se colocaron 6 trampas, las cuales fueron georreferenciadas y se estimó el volumen de madera alrededor de cada una de ellas, pudiendo calcular así el número de capturas respecto al volumen de madera de vid. La información recogida permitió generar, mediante técnicas de interpolación espacial, mapas con gradientes de infestación. Así fueron creados mapas que permitieron diferenciar zonas que presentaban distintos niveles de severidad de la plaga para cada variedad y año. Simultáneamente se determinó el período de emergencia de los individuos adultos el cual varió en los diferentes años en los que se llevó a cabo el estudio. Se analizó y comparó estadísticamente el grado de afección en función del año y la variedad de vid. Los análisis estadísticos demuestran que la variedad Verdejo fue significativamente la variedad menos afectada, mientras que la variedad Mencía resultó ser la más afectada por la plaga. Por otro lado, los análisis espaciales no permitieron identificar un patrón único de distribución espacial de la plaga dentro de las parcelas de estudio, pero la metodología propuesta sí permite identificar que partes de las parcelas han sufrido más daños por la plaga en cada campaña vitivinícola, proporcionando una información precisa al aplicar eficientemente las medidas para mitigar el ataque[EN] The beetle Xylotrechus arvicola (Olivier, 1795) is becoming a plague of growing importance in the main wine regions of the Iberian Peninsula. Its infestation is difficult to detect and control because the larvae of these cerambycids get in the interior of the wood of the vines, drilling numerous galleries and causing great structural damage to the plants and their production. This study has been focused on analyzing and comparing the spatio-temporal distribution of the X.arvicola pest within a vineyard located in the “Denominación de Origen León” (Gordoncillo, León). In order to do this, the incidence of the pest has been monitored in five plots with different vine varieties for four years, from 2017 to 2020. Six traps were placed in each of the plots, which were georeferenced and the volume of wood around each one of them was estimated, thus being able to calculate the number of captures with respect to the volume of vine wood. The collected information allowed to generate maps with infestation gradients using spatial interpolation techniques. Thus, maps were created that allowed differentiating areas that presented different levels of severity of the pest for each variety and year. The emergence period of adult individuals was determined, which varied in the different years in which the study was carried out. The level of affection was analyzed and statistically compared according to the year and the vine variety. Statistical analyzes show that the Verdejo variety was significantly the least affected variety, while the Mencía variety was the most affected by the pest. Spatial analyzes did not allow the identification of a unique spatial distribution pattern of the pest within the study plots, but the proposed methodology does allow identifying which parts of the plots have suffered more damage from the pest in each wine campaign, providing accurate information by efficiently applying the measures to mitigate the attac

Estudio del comportamiento mecánico de las juntas críticas del robot PASIBOT

Mi proyecto “Estudio de las articulaciones críticas del robot Pasibot” se centra en el robot bípedo Pasibot perteneciente a la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. En el proyecto se realiza un breve recorrido por la historia de los robots bípedos desde sus comienzos hasta los robots actuales. En este proyecto se realiza un exhaustivo estudio de las articulaciones de la última versión modelizada del robot Pasibot. En el programa de simulación se le da al robot una velocidad de giro del motor, que es quién produce el movimiento inicial del robot. Del programa obtenemos los datos del comportamiento de las articulaciones, y se puede decidir cuáles de ellas deben ser estudiadas minuciosamente por ser las más críticas. Una vez establecidas cuáles son las articulaciones a estudiar se le da al motor del robot distintas velocidades de giro, haciendo que el robot se mueva más deprisa a mayor velocidad de giro del motor. Con los datos de las nuevas simulaciones con distintas velocidades de giro del motor podemos ver la evolución de los distintos parámetros en función de la velocidad de giro del motor y del tiempo, dándonos una información detallada que podremos usar en un futuro para un mejor diseño del robot Pasibot. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________My project “Estudio de las articulaciones críticas del robot Pasibot” focuses on the biped robot Pasibot, belonging to the University Carlos III de Madrid. The project will provide a quick tour through the history of the biped robots from its beginnings to today's robots. This project is an exhaustive study of the joints of the latest version of the modelled robot Pasibot. In the simulation program the robot is given a rotational speed of the engine, which produces the initial movement of the robot. From the program we obtain performance data of the joints, and give us information to decide which of them should be studied carefully. Having established which joints we should study, we give different speeds to the robot engine, making the robot move faster as higher engine speed. Using data from the new simulations with different engine speeds we can see the evolution of the different parameters depending on engine speed and time, giving us detailed information that we can use in the future to better design Pasibot robot.Ingeniería Técnica en Mecánic

Dehumanization of socioeconomically disadvantaged groups decreases support for welfare policies via perceived wastefulness

Low-socioeconomic status (SES) groups are sometimes depicted as money wasters who live on welfare. Previous research has also found that low-SES groups are also animalized. We expand previous findings (Sainz et al., 2019) by examining the consequences that animalization has on support for social welfare policies (e.g., unemployment, housing) and governmental control of low-SES groups’ spending. We explored the mediating role of perceived wastefulness (i.e., the perception that low-SES people lack the ability to properly administer their budget) in the relationships between animalization and support for welfare policies and governmental control measures. In three correlation studies, 1a to 1c, we examined the relationships between these variables in three countries: The United Kingdom, the United States, and Spain. From our results, animalizing low-SES groups seem to negatively predict support for public policies and positively predict support for governmental control via the perception that low-SES people are unable to manage their finances. Finally, in two experimental studies, 2a and 2b, we directly manipulated the humanness of a low-SES group (animalized vs. humanized) and measured its effects on perceptions of the group’s wastefulness, support for social welfare policies, and support for governmental control over the group’s expenses. Results indicated that animalizing low-SES groups reduced support for social welfare by activating the impression that low-SES people are poor financial managers (Study 2a), but also that animalizing low-SES groups increased support for governmental control via perceived wastefulness (Studies 2a–b). We discuss the role of animalization in denying aid to those in need."Programa de movilidad para jovenes doctorandos CEI-BIOTIC" (University of Granada CEI-BIOTIC

Group Dominance, System Justification, and Hostile Classism: The Ideological Roots of the Perceived Socioeconomic Humanity Gap That Upholds the Income Gap

Perceiving low-socioeconomic status (low-SES) groups as less human than high-SES groups contributes to justifying socioeconomic inequality. Despite this issue’s relevance, previous research has not acknowledged the possible causes of this perceived humanity gap (differences in humanity between SES groups). In this project, we focus on analysing the possible influence of hierarchy-enhancing ideological variables on this gap. To do so, in a first correlational study (N = 765), we analyse the extent to which certain ideological variables predict the perceived humanity gap between low- and high-SES groups. Our results indicate that group dominance, system justification, and hostile classism are highly predictive of the humanity gap. In a second correlational study (N = 521) we found that the perceived humanity gap, the tendency to blame low-SES groups and praise high-SES groups for their economic standings, sequentially mediated the relationship among social dominance, system justification, and hostile classism with the support of social change policies. Finally, we manipulated each ideological variable in three equivalent studies (N = 631) to test its influence on the previous pattern of mediational results. The results confirmed the ideological variables’ antecedent roles in the mediation analysis. Finally, we discuss the role of the ideological hierarchy variables in the maintenance of socioeconomic differences through (de)humanisation

Dehumanization of outgroup members and cross-group interactions

Subtle and blatant dehumanization exacerbates negative intergroup relations while intergroup contact ameliorates them. An emerging body of research has started to examine the link between intergroup contact and dehumanization as a potential method for promoting harmony and social cohesion between different social groups. In this article, we examine how direct and indirect contact strategies can reduce both subtle and blatant dehumanization and how humanization can increase willingness for contact with outgroup members. This suggests a range of ways in which exploring contact and dehumanization might contribute to improved intergroup relations. Last, we explore how enhanced empathy, trust, prejudice, and inclusive norms toward outgroups, along with lower anxiety, explain the link between contact and dehumanization

We share the euro, but not our humanity: Humanity attributions are associated with the perceived causes, consequences, and solution to the Greek financial crisis

Political and financial crises are complex and multi-determined situations whose solutions depend on multiple factors. To understand these conflicts, we explore to what extent mutual outgroup dehumanization along with ingroup humanization between the parts involved in the conflict predict the interpretation of the different facets of the political situation (i.e. interpretation of the crisis, the perceived consequences, or the possible solutions). In this article, we focused on the dispute between Germany and Greece catalyzed by a Greek referendum in 2015. We assessed to what extent mutual (de)humanization between Germans and Greeks predicted the interpretation of the conflict. Our results showed a mutual dehumanization: Greeks mechanizing Germans and Germans animalizing Greeks. For Germans, dehumanizing the Greeks was linked to worse perceived Greek financial administration and minimizing the perception of the Greeks’ suffering, whereas humanizing the ingroup was associated with more outgroup responsibility. For Greeks, dehumanizing the Germans was associated with a desire to avoid German financial control, whereas ingroup humanization was associated with better financial administration, less responsibility, and a higher perception of suffering among Greeks. In short, dehumanizing the other members of the European Union (EU) while humanizing their own nationality contributed to the neglect of the problems inside the EU, shaping the understanding of the economic conflict among both nations

Less Human, More to Blame: Animalizing Poor People Increases Blame and Decreases Support for Wealth Redistribution

Increasing economic inequality adversely affects groups with low socioeconomic status (low-SES). However, many people are opposed to wealth redistribution policies. In this context, we examined whether dehumanization of low-SES groups has a role in this opposition. In the first study (N = 303), opposition to wealth redistribution was related to denying human uniqueness (e.g., intelligence and rationality) and having negative attitudes toward low-SES groups, more than denying human nature (e.g., emotionality and capacity to suffer) to low-SES groups. Mediation analyses indicated that this effect occurred via blaming low-SES groups for their plight, after controlling for participants’ SES and negative attitudes towards low-SES groups. In the second study (N = 220), manipulating the human uniqueness of a fictitious low-SES group affected support for wealth redistribution measures through blame. These results indicate that animalizing low-SES groups reduces support for wealth redistribution via blaming low-SES groups for their situation

Applications and multidisciplinary perspective on 3D printing techniques: Recent developments and future trends

In industries as diverse as automotive, aerospace, medical, energy, construction, electronics, and food, the engineering technology known as 3D printing or additive manufacturing facilitates the fabrication of rapid prototypes and the delivery of customized parts. This article explores recent advancements and emerging trends in 3D printing from a novel multidisciplinary perspective. It also provides a clear overview of the various 3D printing techniques used for producing parts and components in three dimensions. The application of these techniques in bioprinting and an up-to-date comprehensive review of their positive and negative aspects are covered, as well as the variety of materials used, with an emphasis on composites, hybrids, and smart materials. This article also provides an updated overview of 4D bioprinting technology, including biomaterial functions, bioprinting materials, and a targeted approach to various tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) applications. As a foundation for anticipated developments for TERM applications that could be useful for their successful usage in clinical settings, this article also examines present challenges and obstacles in 4D bioprinting technology. Finally, the article also outlines future regulations that will assist researchers in the manufacture of complex products and in the exploration of potential solutions to technological issues