The prevalence of rheumatic diseases in the elderly in developed countries and its evolution over time

Summary.: Objectives: This study aims at evaluating the prevalence of rheumatic diseases in the elderly and its evolution over time. Methods: We present a systematic international literature review of the prevalence of rheumatic diseases in the elderly and its evolution over time. Results: The estimated current prevalence of rheumatic diseases among people aged 65 and more varies between 41% and 53%, and is similar to estimated prevalence rates in studies performed before 1990 (35-55%). The prevalence is high and seems to increase rapidly with age. Furthermore, women suffer more frequently from rheumatic diseases than men. Conclusion: The selected studies included a large range of methods, making comparisons difficult. However, estimates of the prevalence of rheumatic diseases in the elderly appear to be homogeneous in different countries and stable since 198

La modification de l’expression génétique de la descendance de l’homme

National audienc

The legal frame of gene therapy

La thérapie génique est une recherche biomédicale qui a rencontré un certain succès, notamment la mise sur le marché du premier médicament en 2013. La thérapie génique souffre d’un encadrement juridique complexe en raison d’une disparité des règles applicables. L’encadrement des recherches biomédicales met à la charge du promoteur et de l’investigateur des obligations strictes visant à assurer la sécurité et la protection du patient. Cependant, on ne peut pas parler de droit spécial des recherches biomédicales, les rapports entre le patient et l’investigateur possèdent toutes les caractéristiques classiques de la relation médicale ordinaire. Bien que largement critiquée par la doctrine, la qualification des rapports entre l’investigateur et le patient ne peut être autre que celle de contrat médical. En conséquence, l’uniformisation du droit administratif et du droit civil est nécessaire en matière médicale. La reconnaissance du contrat médical dans les établissements de soins privés et publics est la première étape de cette uniformisation. Outre les rapports contractuels existants entre le médecin et le patient, la loi fournit une protection nécessaire au patient contre les manipulations génétiques. Parfois insuffisante, cette protection mérite discussion.Gene therapy is a biomedical research that has met some success, including the placing on the market the first drug in 2013. The frame law of gene therapy is complex due to disparity rules. The frame law of biomedical researches imposes on the sponsor and the investigator obligations to ensure the safety and the protection of the patient. However, we can not talk about special rights in biomedical researches. The relationship between the patient and the investigator is not special, it have all the classic features of current medical relationship. Although widely criticized by the doctrine, the medical contract appears useful and irreplaceable in public or private health institutions. In consequence, civil law and administrative law must be standardized in medical field. The recognition of medical contract is the first step of this standardization. In addition to the contractual relationship between the patient and the physician, the law provides necessary protection to the patient against genetic engineering. Sometimes insufficient, this protection deserves discussions

La modification de l’expression génétique de la descendance de l’homme

National audienc

Etude et realisation de translateurs de frequence en optique integree

SIGLECNRS T Bordereau / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Educación en valores: más allá del aspecto cognitivo

[spa] En el siguiente documento, se analizan los diversos aspectos que se han de abarcan para ejercer la educación en valores en la etapa de primaria de la forma más óptima. Se inspecciona desde el concepto de educación en valores, investigando acerca el origen e importancia de instaurar la educación en valores en la educación formal y la legislación, y apreciando cuales son los valores y las condiciones adecuadas para las prácticas educativas. La revisión continua inspeccionando las estrategias a nivel nacional (españolas) y a nivel internacional (europeas) usadas para trabajar la educación en valores. Finalmente, se exponen los modelos que se usan para trabajar la educación en valores en España, haciendo referencia a uno de los pilares fundamentales de la educación en valores, la educación emocional.[eng] In the next document, it is shown the various aspects covered to apply the values education in the first stage in the best way possible. It is studied from the concept of values education, researching about the origin and the matter of setting up the values education in the formal education and legislation, and apreciating wich are the best values and terms for the educational practices. the review continues looking for the best tactics in the country (Spain) and in the continent (Europe) used to work with the values education. Finally, they are exposed the ways that are used to work with the values educations in Spain, making reference to one of the most important archivements in the values educations, the emotional educatio