Lifetime centric load balancing mechanism in wireless sensor network based IoT environment

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a vital form of the underlying technology of the internet of things (IoT); WSN comprises several energy-constrained sensor nodes to monitor various physical parameters. Moreover, due to the energy constraint, load balancing plays a vital role considering the wireless sensor network as battery power. Although several clustering algorithms have been proposed for providing energy efficiency, there are chances of uneven load balancing and this causes the reduction in network lifetime as there exists inequality within the network. These scenarios occur due to the short lifetime of the cluster head. These cluster head (CH) are prime responsible for all the activity as it is also responsible for intra-cluster and inter-cluster communications. In this research work, a mechanism named lifetime centric load balancing mechanism (LCLBM) is developed that focuses on CH-selection, network design, and optimal CH distribution. Furthermore, under LCLBM, assistant cluster head (ACH) for balancing the load is developed. LCLBM is evaluated by considering the important metrics, such as energy consumption, communication overhead, number of failed nodes, and one-way delay. Further, evaluation is carried out by comparing with ES-Leach method, through the comparative analysis it is observed that the proposed model outperforms the existing model

Is surgery the only option for unstable ankle fracture?

Background: Ankle fracture is one of the most common injuries in sports and daily activity. Unstable ankle fracture that are displaced fracture of the lateral malleolus and most bimalleolar or trimalleolar fractures need surgical reduction and fixation.Methods: It is a single centre study in which all unstable ankle fracture above the age of 18 and not associated with any other injury were included in the study. Following fixation patients were followed up at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months and functional outcome was assessed with American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle score (AOFAS).Results: Supination external rotation injury was most common type. Mean AOFAS score at the end of six months was found to be best in supination adduction type. Posterior malleolus fixation with screw were found to have maximum AOFAS score.Conclusions: Surgical outcome in unstable ankle fracture are proved to have good functional outcome