83 research outputs found

    Perpignan – Ruscino

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    Le sondage a Ă©tĂ© motivĂ© par un projet de rĂ©fection du mur trĂšs dĂ©gradĂ© soutenant le talus du site archĂ©ologique, en bordure nord de la parcelle DV143 (Ă  une dizaine de mĂštres de la limite des fouilles programmĂ©es du quartier d’habitat antique menĂ©es de 1976 Ă  1990 par G. Barruol puis R. Marichal). Le mur surplombe le chemin d’accĂšs au Mas Ramon oĂč les fouilles de D. Henry rĂ©vĂ©lĂšrent au milieu du xixe s. la prĂ©sence de bassins interprĂ©tĂ©s comme les thermes publics. Long d’environ 35 m, il s’ap..

    Soil macroinvertebrate communities: A world-wide assessment

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    © 2022 The Authors. Global Ecology and Biogeography published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.[Aim] Macroinvertebrates comprise a highly diverse set of taxa with great potential as indicators of soil quality. Communities were sampled at 3,694 sites distributed world-wide. We aimed to analyse the patterns of abundance, composition and network characteristics and their relationships to latitude, mean annual temperature and rainfall, land cover, soil texture and agricultural practices.[Location] Sites are distributed in 41 countries, ranging from 55° S to 57° N latitude, from 0 to 4,000 m in elevation, with annual rainfall ranging from 500 to >3,000 mm and mean temperatures of 5–32°C.[Time period] 1980–2018.[Major taxa studied] All soil macroinvertebrates: Haplotaxida; Coleoptera; Formicidae; Arachnida; Chilopoda; Diplopoda; Diptera; Isoptera; Isopoda; Homoptera; Hemiptera; Gastropoda; Blattaria; Orthoptera; Lepidoptera; Dermaptera; and “others”.[Methods] Standard ISO 23611-5 sampling protocol was applied at all sites. Data treatment used a set of multivariate analyses, principal components analysis (PCA) on macrofauna data transformed by Hellinger’s method, multiple correspondence analysis for environmental data (latitude, elevation, temperature and average annual rainfall, type of vegetation cover) transformed into discrete classes, coinertia analysis to compare these two data sets, and bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap tests to evaluate the part of the variance of the macrofauna data attributable to each of the environmental factors. Network analysis was performed. Each pairwise association of taxonomic units was tested against a null model considering local and regional scales, in order to avoid spurious correlations.[Results] Communities were separated into five clusters reflecting their densities and taxonomic richness. They were significantly influenced by climatic conditions, soil texture and vegetation cover. Abundance and diversity, highest in tropical forests (1,895 ± 234 individuals/m2) and savannahs (1,796 ± 72 individuals/m2), progressively decreased in tropical cropping systems (tree-associated crops, 1,358 ± 120 individuals/m2; pastures, 1,178 ± 154 individuals/m2; and annual crops, 867 ± 62 individuals/m2), temperate grasslands (529 ± 60 individuals/m2), forests (232 ± 20 individuals/m2) and annual crops (231 ± 24 individuals/m2) and temperate dry forests and shrubs (195 ± 11 individuals/m2). Agricultural management decreased overall abundance by ≀54% in tropical areas and 64% in temperate areas. Connectivity varied with taxa, with dominant positive connections in litter transformers and negative connections with ecosystem engineers and Arachnida. Connectivity and modularity were higher in communities with low abundance and taxonomic richness.[Main conclusions] Soil macroinvertebrate communities respond to climatic, soil and land-cover conditions. All taxa, except termites, are found everywhere, and communities from the five clusters cover a wide range of geographical and environmental conditions. Agricultural practices significantly decrease abundance, although the presence of tree components alleviates this effect.Peer reviewe

    Abstracts from the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Meeting 2016

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    Proteins-nanoparticles interactions : influence of emerging factors affecting the protein corona formation

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    Les nanoparticules sont de plus en plus prĂ©sentes dans notre quotidien et leur prĂ©sence dans les organismes vivants est aujourd’hui avĂ©rĂ©e. Aussi, dans un milieu biologique, des protĂ©ines recouvrent spontanĂ©ment la surface des nanoparticules pour former une couronne de protĂ©ines. Suivant la composition de cette couronne, une nanoparticule acquiert une "identitĂ© biologique" spĂ©cifique qui peut conditionner sa biodistribution ainsi que son Ă©ventuelle toxicitĂ©.De nombreuses zones d’ombre persistent quant Ă  la connaissance des mĂ©canismes d’adsorption des protĂ©ines sur les nanoparticules. Deux caractĂ©ristiques physico-chimiques, peu abordĂ©es jusqu’à maintenant, ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es ici : la taille des protĂ©ines et la prĂ©sence de modification post-traductionnelles. Aussi, du fait de leur forte utilisation, nous nous sommes concentrĂ©s sur les nanoparticules de silice (SiNPs).L’adsorption d’hĂ©moprotĂ©ines, de nature similaire mais de tailles diffĂ©rentes, sur des SiNPs, elles-mĂȘmes de tailles diffĂ©rentes, a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e. Les isothermes d’adsorption et les titrations calorimĂ©triques ont notamment montrĂ© qu’il existe une relation entre la taille des protĂ©ines et leur affinitĂ© pour une surface de silice. Des diffĂ©rences plus fines ont aussi pu ĂȘtre observĂ©es selon la taille des nanoparticules. Une analyse structurale des protĂ©ines adsorbĂ©es a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e par dichroĂŻsme circulaire et diffusion de neutrons aux petits angles. Les hĂ©moprotĂ©ines apparaissent comme des protĂ©ines trĂšs structurĂ©es qui sont peu affectĂ©es par l’adsorption. Cependant, bien que la structure quaternaire soit conservĂ©e, des modifications structurales sont observables.Des Ă©tudes faites en prĂ©sence de mĂ©langes de protĂ©ines (extraits de protĂ©ines de levure) ainsi que de peptides de synthĂšse ont Ă©galement montrĂ© le rĂŽle important de la dimĂ©thylation asymĂ©trique de l’arginine sur l’interaction protĂ©ines/SiNPs. L’utilisation d’un panel de techniques expĂ©rimentales et de simulations a permis de comprendre le mĂ©canisme responsable de la forte affinitĂ© de peptides contenant cette mĂ©thylation particuliĂšre. De façon plus gĂ©nĂ©rale, nos travaux suggĂšrent que les modifications post-traductionnelles peuvent influencer notablement les interactions de biomolĂ©cules avec des surfaces minĂ©rales.Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in our environment and their presence inside our bodies is now established. Besides, in a biological medium, nanoparticles are spontaneously covered by proteins that form the so-called protein corona. Depending on the corona composition, a nanoparticle will possess a specific "biological identity" conditioning its biodistribution as well as its potential toxicity.Despite being highly studied, many aspects of the protein adsorption mechanisms remain unknown. Here we particularly focused on the influence of two physicochemical characteristics, which had rarely been addressed: protein size and post-translational modifications. Also, because of their intensive use, we worked on silica nanoparticles (SiNPs).We studied the adsorption of hemoproteins on SiNPs, both of them having different sizes. Adsorption isotherms and calorimetry studies showed a relationship between the protein size and its affinity towards silica surfaces. Finer differences could also be observed by varying the SiNPs size. Additionally, structural analyses of adsorbed proteins were performed using circular dichroism and small-angle neutron scattering. The adsorption of hemoproteins, which are well-structured proteins, seems to have little effects on their structure. However, even though the quaternary structure is maintained, structural modifications can be seen.Using yeast protein extracts and synthetic peptides, the major role of arginine asymmetric dimethylation on proteins/SiNPs interaction could be established. The use of experimental and simulation techniques allowed us to understand the mechanism responsible for the high affinity of peptides having this peculiar methylation. As a whole, this work suggests that post-translational modifications can influence considerably the interactions between biomolecules and mineral surfaces

    Interactions protéines et nano-particules

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    International audienc

    Interactions protéines-nanoparticules : émergence de nouveaux facteurs déterminant la formation de la couronne de protéines

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    Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in our environment and their presence inside our bodies is now established. Besides, in a biological medium, nanoparticles are spontaneously covered by proteins that form the so-called protein corona. Depending on the corona composition, a nanoparticle will possess a specific "biological identity" conditioning its biodistribution as well as its potential toxicity.Despite being highly studied, many aspects of the protein adsorption mechanisms remain unknown. Here we particularly focused on the influence of two physicochemical characteristics, which had rarely been addressed: protein size and post-translational modifications. Also, because of their intensive use, we worked on silica nanoparticles (SiNPs).We studied the adsorption of hemoproteins on SiNPs, both of them having different sizes. Adsorption isotherms and calorimetry studies showed a relationship between the protein size and its affinity towards silica surfaces. Finer differences could also be observed by varying the SiNPs size. Additionally, structural analyses of adsorbed proteins were performed using circular dichroism and small-angle neutron scattering. The adsorption of hemoproteins, which are well-structured proteins, seems to have little effects on their structure. However, even though the quaternary structure is maintained, structural modifications can be seen.Using yeast protein extracts and synthetic peptides, the major role of arginine asymmetric dimethylation on proteins/SiNPs interaction could be established. The use of experimental and simulation techniques allowed us to understand the mechanism responsible for the high affinity of peptides having this peculiar methylation. As a whole, this work suggests that post-translational modifications can influence considerably the interactions between biomolecules and mineral surfaces.Les nanoparticules sont de plus en plus prĂ©sentes dans notre quotidien et leur prĂ©sence dans les organismes vivants est aujourd’hui avĂ©rĂ©e. Aussi, dans un milieu biologique, des protĂ©ines recouvrent spontanĂ©ment la surface des nanoparticules pour former une couronne de protĂ©ines. Suivant la composition de cette couronne, une nanoparticule acquiert une "identitĂ© biologique" spĂ©cifique qui peut conditionner sa biodistribution ainsi que son Ă©ventuelle toxicitĂ©.De nombreuses zones d’ombre persistent quant Ă  la connaissance des mĂ©canismes d’adsorption des protĂ©ines sur les nanoparticules. Deux caractĂ©ristiques physico-chimiques, peu abordĂ©es jusqu’à maintenant, ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es ici : la taille des protĂ©ines et la prĂ©sence de modification post-traductionnelles. Aussi, du fait de leur forte utilisation, nous nous sommes concentrĂ©s sur les nanoparticules de silice (SiNPs).L’adsorption d’hĂ©moprotĂ©ines, de nature similaire mais de tailles diffĂ©rentes, sur des SiNPs, elles-mĂȘmes de tailles diffĂ©rentes, a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e. Les isothermes d’adsorption et les titrations calorimĂ©triques ont notamment montrĂ© qu’il existe une relation entre la taille des protĂ©ines et leur affinitĂ© pour une surface de silice. Des diffĂ©rences plus fines ont aussi pu ĂȘtre observĂ©es selon la taille des nanoparticules. Une analyse structurale des protĂ©ines adsorbĂ©es a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e par dichroĂŻsme circulaire et diffusion de neutrons aux petits angles. Les hĂ©moprotĂ©ines apparaissent comme des protĂ©ines trĂšs structurĂ©es qui sont peu affectĂ©es par l’adsorption. Cependant, bien que la structure quaternaire soit conservĂ©e, des modifications structurales sont observables.Des Ă©tudes faites en prĂ©sence de mĂ©langes de protĂ©ines (extraits de protĂ©ines de levure) ainsi que de peptides de synthĂšse ont Ă©galement montrĂ© le rĂŽle important de la dimĂ©thylation asymĂ©trique de l’arginine sur l’interaction protĂ©ines/SiNPs. L’utilisation d’un panel de techniques expĂ©rimentales et de simulations a permis de comprendre le mĂ©canisme responsable de la forte affinitĂ© de peptides contenant cette mĂ©thylation particuliĂšre. De façon plus gĂ©nĂ©rale, nos travaux suggĂšrent que les modifications post-traductionnelles peuvent influencer notablement les interactions de biomolĂ©cules avec des surfaces minĂ©rales

    Le management humain des New Ways of Working: Leçons et enjeux

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    Sur base des recherches menées dans la cadre de la Chaire laboRH et ailleurs, ainsi que de l'expérience de praticiens de la GRH et des projets NWoW, ce chapitre tire quelques leçons des expériences passées et en cours et identifie une série d'enjeux, pour la pratique et la recherche dans le domaine

    Genetic and Imaging Approaches Reveal Pro-Inflammatory and Immunoregulatory Roles of Mast Cells in Contact Hypersensitivity

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    Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a common T cell-mediated skin disease induced by epicutaneous sensitization to haptens. Mast cells (MCs) are widely deployed in the skin and can be activated during CHS responses to secrete diverse products, including some with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. Conflicting results have been obtained regarding pathogenic versus protective roles of MCs in CHS, and this has been attributed in part to the limitations of certain models for studying MC functions in vivo. This review discusses recent advances in the development and analysis of mouse models to investigate the roles of MCs and MC-associated products in vivo. Notably, fluorescent avidin-based two-photon imaging approaches enable in vivo selective labeling and simultaneous tracking of MC secretory granules (e.g., during MC degranulation) and MC gene activation by real-time longitudinal intravital microscopy in living mice. The combination of such genetic and imaging tools has shed new light on the controversial role played by MCs in mouse models of CHS. On the one hand, they can amplify CHS responses of mild severity while, on the other hand, can limit the inflammation and tissue injury associated with more severe or chronic models, in part by representing an initial source of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10
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