Análisis de la influencia de las características geométricas, dispositivos de control e intensidad del tránsito en la accidentabilidad de la carretera nacional pe-3s tramo Ancahuasi - Limatambo según la metodología de inspección de seguridad vial del MTC 2017 y el Manual de Seguridad Vial HSM 2010

La carretera nacional PE-3S es parte de la cantidad alarmante de accidentes de tránsito registrados; el informe de la OMS sobre la situación mundial de la Seguridad Vial destaca que en el año 2018 el número de muertes anuales causadas por el tránsito ha alcanzado los 1,35 millones esta situación además de afectar a los usuarios de la vía de manera social también afecta económicamente; es así que se presenta este trabajo con el propósito de realizar el análisis de la influencia de las características geométricas, dispositivos de control e intensidad de tránsito en la accidentabilidad de la carretera nacional PE-3S tramo Ancahuasi-Limatambo aplicando la metodología de Inspección de Seguridad Vial (ISV) y el manual de Highway Safety Manual HSM 2010, analizando un total de 34.58 Km de infraestructura vial de acuerdo a las variables mencionadas para lo cual se dividió en segmentos que están en función a las características de la vía, evaluando la incidencia de accidentes a causa de las deficiencias que presenta esta carretera. Con la Metodología de Inspección de seguridad vial se busca identificar y analizar los problemas de seguridad en la vía haciendo uso de una Lista de Chequeo que contiene los parámetros que se van a evaluar mientras que el método predictivo del HSM 2010 para carreteras rurales de dos carriles busca obtener la frecuencia promedio de accidentes esperados en base a las características actuales de la vía, para luego aplicar el método de Bayes empírico utilizando los accidentes observados para obtener en un primer análisis el factor de calibración del tramo estudiado (C=0.390) el cual permite realizar un segundo análisis con condiciones de la vía cambiadas (propuestas de mejora) con el fin de reducir la cantidad accidentes esperados. Finalmente se realiza la comparación de resultados obtenidos de la metodología del HSM sobre las condiciones actuales de la vía y las propuestas de mejora, considerando también los resultados obtenidos en la Inspección de Seguridad Vial que muestra las deficiencias de la vía en un enfoque general, infiriendo que la metodología peruana es cualitativa y solo realiza un análisis general de la vía y la metodología americana HSM no muy conocida en nuestro país es cuantitativa permitiendo realizar el análisis de la vía para predecir los accidentes de tránsito que puedan ocurrir de acuerdo a las condiciones de la vía, razón por la cual debería ser implementada en el proceso de construcción de una vía con la finalidad de mitigar el problema de accidentabilidad.Tesi

Dispersion of contaminants in water courses: Studies in Chumbao river, Perú

Se estudia el modo de dispersión de un dado contaminante vertido en un curso de agua mediante un método experimental consistente en el uso de un “marcador” o sustancia “traza”. Se aplica en un tramo de 100 metros del río Chumbao en la Provincia de Andahuaylas, Perú. En la práctica, el marcador utilizado es una solución de sal común (cloruro de sodio) vertido mediante un tubo de dos pulgadas, recolectando las muestras tramo abajo cada 30 segundos. Analizando la conductividad eléctrica de las muestras se estima la concentración de marcador en cada punto de recolección, y con ello los posibles valores de los parámetros de dispersión de un eventual contaminante sobre el río. Se comprueba que un modelo simple de dispersión gaussiana representa de un modo suficientemente preciso las condiciones observadas.The dispersion of a given contaminant poured in a water course is studied through an experimental method consistent in the use of a “marker” or “trace” substance. It is applied in a 100 m section of Chumbao River in Andahuaylas Province, Perú. In practice, the used tracer is a common salt (sodium chloride) solution poured through a two-inch tube, collecting samples at the end of the section at a rate of 30 seconds. The concentration of tracer at each collection point is estimated by analyzing the electric conductivity of the samples, and from them the possible values of the dispersion parameters of an eventual contaminant on the river. It is verified that a simple Gaussian dispersion model is precise enough to represent the observed conditions.Fil: Quispe Prado, Wilber. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires". Facultad de Química e Ingeniería del Rosario. Departamento de Investigación Institucional; Argentina. Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas; PerúFil: Herrera, Luis Alberto. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires". Facultad de Química e Ingeniería del Rosario. Departamento de Investigación Institucional; ArgentinaFil: Sichez Muñoz, J.. Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas; PerúFil: Parodi, Miguel Ángel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires". Facultad de Química e Ingeniería del Rosario. Departamento de Investigación Institucional; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura; ArgentinaFil: Matar, Maricel Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires". Facultad de Química e Ingeniería del Rosario. Departamento de Investigación Institucional; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura; ArgentinaFil: Gómez Insausti, Javier. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires". Facultad de Química e Ingeniería del Rosario. Departamento de Investigación Institucional; ArgentinaFil: Calcagno, Grisel. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires". Facultad de Química e Ingeniería del Rosario. Departamento de Investigación Institucional; ArgentinaFil: Barrea, Leonardo Damián. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires". Facultad de Química e Ingeniería del Rosario. Departamento de Investigación Institucional; ArgentinaFil: Mechni, Mirta. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires". Facultad de Química e Ingeniería del Rosario. Departamento de Investigación Institucional; ArgentinaFil: Luccini, Eduardo Alfredo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina. Provincia de Córdoba. Ministerio de Ciencia y Técnica. Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba; Argentina. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires". Facultad de Química e Ingeniería del Rosario. Departamento de Investigación Institucional; Argentin

Independence of evoked vocal responses from stimulus direction in burrowing frogs Eupsophus (Leptodactylidae)

Localization of a sound source is important for animals in mating contexts: females generally orient towards signalling males, and males can estimate the position and quality of potential rivals. In anurans, the effect of sound direction on evoked vocal responses has been studied in males of Rana catesbeiana, which alter their vocal responses depending on the location of the stimulus. The current study explored the effects of sound direction in Eupsophus calcaratus, a frog that calls from inside burrows having resonance that would hinder the localization of incoming sounds. The vocal responses of 11 males to synthetic imitations of the conspecific advertisement call broadcast from loudspeakers positioned in front, to the right and left from the burrow openings were similar in terms of call rate, duration and latency. The invariance of the vocal responses indicates that for burrowing male frogs engaged in chorusing behaviour, the specific location of an opponent does not alter the pers

Arginine Vasotocin, the Social Neuropeptide of Amphibians and Reptiles

Arginine vasotocin (AVT) is the non-mammalian homolog of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and, like vasopressin, serves as an important modulator of social behavior in addition to its peripheral functions related to osmoregulation, reproductive physiology, and stress hormone release. In amphibians and reptiles, the neuroanatomical organization of brain AVT cells and fibers broadly resembles that seen in mammals and other taxa. Both parvocellular and magnocellular AVT-containing neurons are present in multiple populations located mainly in the basal forebrain from the accumbens–amygdala area to the preoptic area and hypothalamus, from which originate widespread fiber connections spanning the brain with a particularly heavy innervation of areas associated with social behavior and decision-making. As for mammalian AVP, AVT is present in greater amounts in males in many brain areas, and its presence varies seasonally, with hormonal state, and in males with differing social status. AVT’s social influence is also conserved across herpetological taxa, with significant effects on social signaling and aggression, and, based on the very small number of studies investigating more complex social behaviors in amphibians and reptiles, AVT may also modulate parental care and social bonding when it is present in these vertebrates. Within this conserved pattern, however, both AVT anatomy and social behavior effects vary significantly across species. Accounting for this diversity represents a challenge to understanding the mechanisms by which AVT exerts its behavioral effects, as well are a potential tool for discerning the structure-function relationships underlying AVT’s many effects on behavior

Biotic and abiotic sounds affect calling activity but not plasma testosterone levels in male frogs (Batrachyla taeniata) in the field and in captivity

In animals, the expression of diverse reproductive behaviors is hormonally regulated. In particular, vocalizing during courtship has been related to circulating androgen levels, and reciprocally, conspecific vocalizations are known to modulate androgen secretion in vertebrates. The effect of natural sounds of abiotic origin on hormonal status has virtually not received attention. Therefore, we evaluated the vocal responses of male Batrachyla taeniata frogs to conspecific chorus and rainfall sounds in natural and controlled laboratory settings, measuring the testosterone levels of exposed individuals. In field and laboratory conditions, testosterone levels of frogs exposed to 31.5 min of chorus and rain sounds and non-exposed individuals were similar. In the field, frogs increased their call rate in response to playbacks of chorus and rain sound, but the evoked calling activity was unrelated to plasma testosterone. In contrast to the field, frogs showed limited responsiveness to 31.5-min acoustic exposures in the laboratory. Similarly to the field, for vocally active males tested in the laboratory there was no association between call rate and testosterone levels. Additionally, in this group, testosterone levels were higher in vocally active males relative to non-calling individuals. Overall, these results indicate that in B. taeniata testosterone levels are not altered following a short-term exposure to conspecific biotic and to abiotic sounds. Our results are suggestive of a threshold influence of testosterone on the vocal activity of the species studied. Further explorations of the influence of abiotic sounds on endocrine activation are required to understand how animals respond to variable acoustic environmental conditions.Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT), CONICYT FONDECYT: 1140014 Guillermo Puelma Foundation. CONICYT-PCHA/MagisterNacional/2016-2216132

The Histaminergic Tuberomamillary Nucleus Is Involved in Appetite for Sex, Water and Amphetamine.

The histaminergic system is one component of the ascending arousal system which is involved in wakefulness, neuroendocrine control, cognition, psychiatric disorders and motivation. During the appetitive phase of motivated behaviors the arousal state rises to an optimal level, thus giving proper intensity to the behavior. Previous studies have demonstrated that the histaminergic neurons show an earlier activation during the appetitive phase of feeding, compared to other ascending arousal system nuclei, paralleled with a high increase in arousal state. Lesions restricted to the histaminergic neurons in rats reduced their motivation to get food even after 24 h of food deprivation, compared with intact or sham lesioned rats. Taken together, these findings indicate that the histaminergic system is important for appetitive behavior related to feeding. However, its role in other goal-directed behaviors remains unexplored. In the present work, male rats rendered motivated to obtain water, sex, or amphetamine showed an increase in Fos-ir of histaminergic neurons in appetitive behaviors directed to get those reinforcers. However, during appetitive tests to obtain sex, or drug in amphetamine-conditioned rats, Fos expression increased in most other ascending arousal system nuclei, including the orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, dorsal raphe, locus coeruleus and laterodorsal tegmental neurons, but not in the ventral tegmental area, which showed no Fos-ir increase in any of the 3 conditions. Importantly, all these appetitive behaviors were drastically reduced after histaminergic cell-specific lesion, suggesting a critical contribution of histamine on the intensity component of several appetitive behaviors

Dispersión de contaminantes en cursos de agua : estudios en el río Chumbao, Perú

Resumen: Se estudia el modo de dispersión de un dado contaminante vertido en un curso de agua mediante un método experimental consistente en el uso de un “marcador” o sustancia “traza”. Se aplica en un tramo de 100 metros del río Chumbao en la Provincia de Andahuaylas, Perú. En la práctica, el marcador utilizado es una solución de sal común (cloruro de sodio) vertido mediante un tubo de dos pulgadas, recolectando las muestras tramo abajo cada 30 segundos. Analizando la conductividad eléctrica de las muestras se estima la concentración de marcador en cada punto de recolección, y con ello los posibles valores de los parámetros de dispersión de un eventual contaminante sobre el río. Se comprueba que un modelo simple de dispersión gaussiana representa de un modo suficientemente preciso las condiciones observadas.Abstract: The dispersion of a given contaminant poured in a water course is studied through an experimental method consistent in the use of a “marker” or “trace” substance. It is applied in a 100 m section of Chumbao River in Andahuaylas Province, Perú. In practice, the used tracer is a common salt (sodium chloride) solution poured through a two-inch tube, collecting samples at the end of the section at a rate of 30 seconds. The concentration of tracer at each collection point is estimated by analyzing the electric conductivity of the samples, and from them the possible values of the dispersion parameters of an eventual contaminant on the river. It is verified that a simple Gaussian dispersion model is precise enough to represent the observed conditions

Fos-ir pattern of AAS nuclei elicited by appetitive behavior.

<p>Left column in white (sex): Fos-ir after 30 min of exposure to receptive (proestrus n = 5) or to non-receptive (diestrus n = 5) females. Middle panel in light gray (drink): 48 hours of water deprivation followed by 30 minutes of enticing (Deprived enticed n = 14) or not (Deprived n = 6). Right column in dark gray (drug): 30 minutes of exposure to the place preference apparatus where the animals were conditioned to amphetamine (Amph. Conditioned), versus non-conditioned animals (Amph. non-Conditioned) and rats non-conditioned injected with saline, (saline). # p< 0.05 respect to the naïve circadian controls; * p< 0.05 between conditions. Kruskall Wallis one way ANOVA followed by all pairwise multiple comparisons (Dunn's Method).</p

Effect of TMN lesion on appetitive behavior.

<p>(<b>a)</b> TMN lesion decreased the sniffing time of male rats challenged by a receptive female (proestrus) to a level similar to that elicited by non-receptive females (diestrus).(<b>b)</b> dorsal TMN and dorsal plus ventral TMN lesions were sufficient to reduce sexual appetitive behavior respect to the intact group. (<b>c)</b> TMN lesion decreased licking time of water deprived animals enticed by an empty drinking bottle. (<b>d)</b> The lesion had to involve both TMN divisions to be effective on drinking behavior. (<b>e)</b> TMN lesion decreased the time spent in the amphetamine-paired box in conditioned rats. (<b>f),</b> rats with a dorsal TMN lesion showed the largest drop in appetitive behavior directed to obtain amphetamine. ANOVA of Ranks (Kruskall Wallis) followed by a post-hoc of multiple comparison, Dunn's method. * indicates p<0.05 respect to intact rats, # p<0.05 respect to the two other conditions. n/d, not detected.</p

Photomicrograph of TMN neurons after re-exposure to the amphetamine place preferences apparatus.

<p><b>(a)</b> Double immunohistochemistry for Fos/ADA in the tuberomamillary nucleus of a naïve (circadian control) rat. <b>(b)</b> Double immunohistochemistry for Fos/ADA in the TMN of an amphetamine conditioned rat, after 30 minutes of re-exposure to the amphetamine place preference apparatus. Arrows in <b>(a)</b> depict ADA-ir neurons; arrows in <b>(b)</b> depict double-ir neurons Fos/ADA. Scale bar, 200 μm.</p