Hate speech from a criminal law point of view: a first approach

El discurso del odio no solo presenta un ámbito de investigación interesante por la actualidad de las discusiones políticas y sociales en las que se percibe este fenómeno, sino también porque algunas de las discusiones que suscita esta figura se corresponden con debates conocidos en el derecho penal. Así, la aptitud de la dignidad humana como objeto de protección se encuentra tanto en la discusión del discurso del odio como en el debate de la dogmática penal por los bienes jurídicos. También la pregunta de si se debería exigir que una acción conlleve cierto grado de riesgo para el bien jurídico protegido es un tema discutido tanto en el marco del discurso de odio como en la dogmática penal, donde se lo ubica en la discusión por los delitos de peligro. Con ello se plantea la pregunta de si las respuestas que se dan en el marco del discurso del odio son compatibles con las exigencias del derecho penal.Hate speech is an interesting research field, not only because of the topicality of the political and social discussions in which this phenomenon can be perceived, but also because of the coincidence between the discussions raised by this figure and well-known debates in criminal law. The adequacy of human dignity as protected object can be found in the discussion about hate speech and in the criminal law debate about the objects of legal protection. The question whether one has to demand that an action entails a certain risk for the protected object is discussed in the context of hate speech and in criminal law, where it can be found in the discussion about strict liability. This raises the question whether the answers to these problems given in the discussion about hate speech are compatible with criminal law requirements.Fil: Richter, Anna Erna Marianne. Universidad Empresarial Siglo XXI; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones Jurídicas y Sociales. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones Jurídicas y Sociales; Argentin

Una lectura extensiva del in dubio pro reo

Gran parte de la dogmática jurídica, sea esa penal, civil o pública,gira alrededor de la pregunta de cómo interpretar ciertas leyes, cuál alcance darle a determinados principios y cómo entender las figuras del ordenamiento jurídico. Más allá de los diferentes argumentos que se pueden presentar a favor o en contra de una u otra postura - por ejemplo sobre la definición de los términos dolo eventual y arma o el alcance del principio nemo tenetur -, y en términos más generales, se plantea aquí la pregunta de cómo interpretar nuestros sistemas jurídicos. La pregunta por posibles herramientas de interpretación cobra importancia si se asume la seguridad jurídica como objetivo a perseguir por nuestros ordenamientos jurídicos. Si los textos legales permiten varias interpretaciones, hay que preguntar entonces cómo se determinan los comportamientos específicos exigidos o prohibidos por la ley, es decir cómo el ciudadano puede saber qué conductas le son permitidas y, visto desde el lado de la aplicación de la ley, cómo se asegura una interpretación homogénea por parte de los jueces en todo el país y en todos los niveles judiciales. Generalmente, la seguridad jurídica se pretende garantizar mediante el principio de legalidad. Sin embargo, y como se intentará demostrar en lo siguiente, el principio de legalidad no siempre es apto para garantizar la seguridad jurídica. Por ello, aquí se propone un principio nuevo que se podría llamar in dubio pro cive para establecer seguridad jurídica en aquellos casos en los que el principio de legalidad no puede cumplir con ese fin.Para ello, se va a seguir el siguiente orden: Primero se tratará demostrar por qué la seguridad jurídica es un principio importante en nuestros ordenamientos jurídicos contemporáneos. En un segundo momento se analizará porqué el principio de legalidad no es suficiente para establecer seguridad jurídica. Tercero, se presentará un principio nuevo, aquí llamado in dubio pro cive para establecer seguridad jurídica en aquellos casos en los que el principio de legalidad no la puede asegurar. Por último se mostrarán dos ejemplos, en los que el in dubio pro cive puede servir como herramienta de interpretación y de esta manera procurar una mayor seguridad jurídica que la actual.Fil: Richter, Anna Erna Marianne. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales. Centro de Investigaciones Juridícas y Sociales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones Jurídicas y Sociales. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones Jurídicas y Sociales; Argentin

Competing effects of spreading rate, crystal fractionation and source variability on Fe isotope systematics in mid-ocean ridge lavas

© The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Richter, M., Nebel, O., Schwindinger, M., Nebel-Jacobsen, Y., & Dick, H. J. B. Competing effects of spreading rate, crystal fractionation and source variability on Fe isotope systematics in mid-ocean ridge lavas. Scientific Reports, 11(1), (2021): 4123, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83387-7.Two-thirds of the Earth is covered by mid-ocean ridge basalts, which form along a network of divergent plate margins. Basalts along these margins display a chemical diversity, which is consequent to a complex interplay of partial mantle melting in the upper mantle and magmatic differentiation processes in lower crustal levels. Igneous differentiation (crystal fractionation, partial melting) and source heterogeneity, in general, are key drivers creating variable chemistry in mid-ocean ridge basalts. This variability is reflected in iron isotope systematics (expressed as δ57Fe), showing a total range of 0.2 ‰ from δ57Fe =  + 0.05 to + 0.25 ‰. Respective contributions of source heterogeneity and magma differentiation leading to this diversity, however, remain elusive. This study investigates the iron isotope systematics in basalts from the ultraslow spreading Gakkel Ridge in the Arctic Ocean and compares them to existing data from the fast spreading East Pacific Rise ridge. Results indicate that Gakkel lavas are driven to heavier iron isotope compositions through partial melting processes, whereas effects of igneous differentiation are minor. This is in stark contrast to fast spreading ridges showing reversed effects of near negligible partial melting effects followed by large isotope fractionation along the liquid line of descent. Gakkel lavas further reveal mantle heterogeneity that is superimposed on the igneous differentiation effects, showing that upper mantle Fe isotope heterogeneity can be transmitted into erupting basalts in the absence of homogenisation processes in sub-oceanic magma chambers.This work was supported by an ARC grant FT140101062 to O.N. H.J.B.D was supported by the NSF grants PLR 9912162, PLR 0327591, OCE 0930487 and OCE 1434452

Combining NLP, speech recognition, and indexing. An AI-based learning assistant for higher education

This paper presents the ongoing development of HAnS (Hochschul-Assistenz-System), an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) designed to support self-directed digital learning in higher education. Initiated by twelve collaborating German universities and research institutes, HAnS is developed 2021–2025 with the goal of utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) and Big Data in academic settings to enhance technology-based learning. The system employs AI for speech recognition and the indexing of existing learning resources, enabling users to search and compile these materials based on various parameters. Here, we provide an overview of the project, showcasing how iterative design and development processes contribute to innovative educational research in the evolving field of AI-based ITS in higher education. Notwithstanding the potential of HAnS, we also deliberate upon the challenges associated with ensuring a suitable dataset for training the AI, refining complex algorithms for personalization, and maintaining data privacy. (DIPF/Orig.)In diesem Beitrag wird die laufende Entwicklung von HAnS (Hochschul-Assistenz-System) vorgestellt, einem Intelligenten Tutoring-System (ITS), das selbstgesteuertes digitales Lernen in der Hochschulbildung unterstützen soll. HAnS wurde von zwölf deutschen Hochschulen und Forschungsinstituten initiiert und wird 2021-2025 mit dem Ziel entwickelt, künstliche Intelligenz (KI) und Big Data im akademischen Umfeld zu nutzen, um technologiebasiertes Lernen zu verbessern. Das System nutzt KI für die Spracherkennung und die Indizierung vorhandener Lernressourcen und ermöglicht es den Nutzern, diese Materialien auf der Grundlage verschiedener Parameter zu suchen und zusammenzustellen. Hier geben wir einen Überblick über das Projekt und zeigen, wie iterative Design- und Entwicklungsprozesse zu innovativer Bildungsforschung auf dem sich entwickelnden Gebiet der KI-basierten ITS in der Hochschulbildung beitragen. Ungeachtet des Potenzials von HAnS gehen wir auch auf die Herausforderungen ein, die mit der Sicherstellung eines geeigneten Datensatzes für das Training der KI, der Verfeinerung komplexer Algorithmen für die Personalisierung und der Wahrung des Datenschutzes verbunden sind. (Autor

Microbial responses to herbivory-induced vegetation changes in a high-Arctic peatland

Herbivory by barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) alters the vegetation cover and reduces ecosystem productivity in high-Arctic peatlands, limiting the carbon sink strength of these ecosystems. Here we investigate how herbivory-induced vegetation changes affect the activities of peat soil microbiota using metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and targeted metabolomics in a comparison of fenced exclosures and nearby grazed sites. Our results show that a different vegetation with a high proportion of vascular plants developed due to reduced herbivory, resulting in a larger and more diverse input of polysaccharides to the soil at exclosed study sites. This coincided with higher sugar and amino acid concentrations in the soil at this site as well as the establishment of a more abundant and active microbiota, including saprotrophic fungi with broad substrate ranges, like Helotiales (Ascomycota) and Agaricales (Basidiomycota). A detailed description of fungal transcriptional profiles revealed higher gene expression for cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin and chitin degradation at herbivory-exclosed sites. Furthermore, we observed an increase in the number of genes and transcripts for predatory eukaryotes such as Entomobryomorpha (Arthropoda). We conclude that in the absence of herbivory, the development of a vascular vegetation alters the soil polysaccharide composition and supports larger and more active populations of fungi and predatory eukaryotes

An early cretaceous subduction-modified mantle underneath the ultraslow spreading Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean

© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Richter, M., Nebel, O., Maas, R., Mather, B., Nebel-Jacobsen, Y., Capitanio, F. A., Dick, H. J. B., & Cawood, P. A. An early cretaceous subduction-modified mantle underneath the ultraslow spreading Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean. Science Advances, 6(44), (2020): eabb4340, doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb4340.Earth’s upper mantle, as sampled by mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) at oceanic spreading centers, has developed chemical and isotopic heterogeneity over billions of years through focused melt extraction and re-enrichment by recycled crustal components. Chemical and isotopic heterogeneity of MORB is dwarfed by the large compositional spectrum of lavas at convergent margins, identifying subduction zones as the major site for crustal recycling into and modification of the mantle. The fate of subduction-modified mantle and if this heterogeneity transmits into MORB chemistry remains elusive. Here, we investigate the origin of upper mantle chemical heterogeneity underneath the Western Gakkel Ridge region in the Arctic Ocean through MORB geochemistry and tectonic plate reconstruction. We find that seafloor lavas from the Western Gakkel Ridge region mirror geochemical signatures of an Early Cretaceous, paleo-subduction zone, and conclude that the upper mantle can preserve a long-lived, stationary geochemical memory of past geodynamic processes.O.N. was supported by the Australian Research Council (grant FT140101062). P.A.C. was supported by the Australian Research Council (grant FL160100168). H.J.B.D. was supported by the NSF (grants PLR 9912162, PLR 0327591, OCE 0930487, and OCE 1434452). M.R. was supported by a graduate scholarship of Monash University and the SEAE