Negotiating with a logical-linguistic protocol in a dialogical framework

This book is the result of years of reflection. Some time ago, while working in commodities, the author felt how difficult it was to decide the order in which to use arguments during a negotiation process. What would happen if we translated the arguments into cards and played them according to the rules of the Bridge game? The results were impressive. There was potential for improvement in the negotiation process. The investigation went deeper, exploring players, cards, deals and the information concealed in the players´ announcements, in the cards and in the deals. This new angle brought the research to NeuroLinguistic Patterns and cryptic languages, such as Russian Cards. In the following pages, the author shares her discovery of a new application for Logical Dialogues: Negotiations, tackled from basic linguistic structures placed under a dialogue form as a cognitive system which ‘understands’ natural language, with the aim to solve conflicts and even to serve peace

Negotiating with logical-linguistic protocols in a dialogical framework.

EN EL SIGUIENTE ENLACE (https://idus.us.es/handle/11441/94042) ENCONTRARÁ DISPONIBLE EL MANUSCRITO DEL LIBRO CUYO CONTENIDO CONSTITUYE LA VERSIÓN MEJORADA DE ESTA TESIS. Even when, “nothing is new under the sun” (Eccl. 1, 9) “There may be other knowledges to acquire, other questions to consider, starting, not from that what others have known, but from what they have ignored” (MOSCOVICI) by choice or by chance, that is not relevant, the question is thinking about something un-thought at the moment. That is the hazardous passion developed here and you are invited to share it. NEGOTIATING with LOGICAL-LINGUISTIC PROTOCOLS in a DIALOGICAL FRAMEWORK is the result of years of reflection. Some time ago, working in commodities we could feel how difficult it was to decide the order of the arguments used during the negotiation process. As in a Bridge game, we translated the arguments according to the rules of Bridge and saw how it worked to deal with them as in a Bridge hand, playing them and seeing what would happen. The results were impressive. We were thrilled about the potential for improvement on the negotiation process. We decided to investigate deeper on the possibility to undertake negotiations applying Bridge rules to organize the order of arguments. This was the subject of a previous paper (2011): The BRIDGE. A bridge TOWARD NEGOTIATIONS . It was the first formal attempt to establish a protocol to know the best order to use the arguments during the negotiation process, by converting them into cards and play a Bridge hand. However, as will be shown later, the study revealed some limitations. This subsequent work is an attempt to reduce these limitations. The new work should be more scientific and precise, so the decision was taken to start a PhD in Logic as the best framework and tool to develop a research on this subject. Following this path, the idea of turning arguments into cards to play a Bridge hand expanded progressively and went one step ahead just exploring: players, cards, deals and the information hidden in the player’s announcements and in the cards and/or in the deals. This new angle brought the research to the neurolinguistics patterns –NLP- and cryptic languages, like Russian Cards (van DITMARSCH, 2008). Finally this PhD thesis is an attempt to think how to create logical dialogues to tackle negotiations, meaning: solving conflicts from basic linguistic structures (conjunctions; disjunctions; conditionals) placed under a dialogue form as a cognitive system which ‘understands’ natural language and where there is a permanent feed-back between both. This paper aims to show and to share just a path, not a conquered territory, to negotiate in a dialogical framework and remain always open to any possible improvement. It will be like a ‘tragedy’ in three ‘acts’. Each ‘Act’ will be a ‘conceptual mimesis’ of the arguments used during the negotiation process to produce a ‘catharsis’, an improvement on the negotiation process. The three ‘acts’ have a spiral form, the first one is the Bridge, the second the Neuro-Linguistic Patterns (hereunder, NLP) and the third is the cryptic language Russian Cards. Therefore, the procedure of this thesis will be to study each part in accordance with its contribution and its limitations. Step by step our task will be to address ourselves to the limitations with the aim to reduce of them. Conclusions will be just to show a possible map, a guide to choose the order of arguments in negotiations. The structure of each ‘Act’, as a step of this path, will be: 1. A presentation on the appropriateness and accommodation of the specific subject in the whole of the research. 2. Application to prepare negotiations. 3. Lights and shadows, or some interesting considerations to keep in mind for planning negotiations. The case chosen for study as a model for this ‘experiment’ is the 1st Camp David Accords. And exhaustive and aseptic analysis of these Accords can be found in the annex in order to have available the experimental frame. In order to preserve the rigour and the aseptic nature of this research we do not apply any framework that will be applied later, so you will not find any application of the Game Theory, neither NLP nor dialogical semantics used across this analysis of the 1st Camp David Accords. Preliminary research work was done on this negotiation as mentioned above. The same subject was chosen to give continuity to the started investigation. That was the reason, and not the idea that this theory is only applicable to international negotiations. This theory is for negotiations, whatever they are. The methodology has been that one is appropriate in Logic: many paper reflections, thought drafts, therefore not included here because as drafts they do not have a decisive character for the final thesis; specific sources such as: manuals, books, articles and documents about the different subjects tackled along of this paper; and personal reflection comparing the distinct results and information. The purpose of working with specific sources has been to be as rigorous as possible while opening a new theoretical way into negotiation analysis and also into applied logic. One of the difficulties of opening a new way, no matter how fascinating it may be, is that no sources exist while it is being built. As you know, the instrumental nature of logic was recognised as early as the Organonby Aristotle. In fact, logic has been a tool for philosophical studies since Aristotle, even when many logicians see logic only as a family of formal systems. Logic is not applied to philosophical problems as an engineer may apply some techniques. Nevertheless, many logical notions transcend the particular formal systems and logic can offer there a rigorous language -with precise meanings- to study philosophical discourses and discourses in social and human sciences. Moreover, it is a great help for enhancing precision in communications. So, modern logic deals with a wide range of intelligent interactions across academic disciplines: from humanities to natural sciences. This dynamic turn involves the logical dynamics (dialogues as a form of reasoning; dialogical logic; study of knowledge; communication process; etc.). In this sense, van Benthen was clever saying: Logical dynamics is a way of doing logic, but is also a general stance. Making actions, events, and procedures first-class citizens enriches the ways in which logic interacts with philosophy, and it provides a fresh look at many traditional themes. Looking at logic and philosophy over the last century, key topics like quantification, knowledge, or conditionality have had a natural evolution that went back and forth across disciplines. They often moved from philosophy to linguistics, mathematics, computer science, or economics (…). (van BENTHEN, J., 2011: 268). Thus, there is an arsenal of fields to apply logic. Thank you for your understanding along this path of applied logic on a new field: negotiations. Therefore, this work consists of a creative and an innovative effort full of risks. The experiment will confirm whether that innovation and risk were worthy and the reader will judge on the degree of accommodation. In the following pages you will discover a new opportunity to apply the logical dialogues to deal with negotiations, to solve conflicts (as objective application) and even to serve peace (as a subjective option, since tools do not have an ethical value in themselves)

El Protocolo, la ‘red invisible’ en las Relaciones Internacionales y la Diplomacia

The aim of the paper is to show how protocol can modify/add a quality to international relations, and even make  events turn 180º (even on those already agreed on). Therefore, this paper aims to answer the question: ‘how does the protocol work as an ‘invisible net’, trapping in its bosom the international relations and, consequently, the diplomacy?’ The intention will be to show this ‘invisible net’ and to prove how, despite its invisibility, this is the most powerful weapon of the international relations and of the diplomacy. The case of the trip of Pope Benedict the XVI to France in September 2008 will be analyzed as an example. This trip was initially organized as private visit; finally it turned into a State Visit. The ‘potion’ that could accomplish this change was the right use of protocol, the refined art of weaving and to throw the ‘net’ away.Este artículo tiene por objetivo mostrar cómo el  protocolo puede no sólo modificar/matizar las relaciones internacionales, sino incluso llegar a producir cambios de 180º sobre los acontecimientos (aun sobre los ya previstos). Así pues, el artículo tratará de dar respuesta a la pregunta: ‘¿cómo el protocolo actúa a modo de ‘red invisible’, atrapando en su seno las relaciones internacionales y, por ende, a la diplomacia?’. La intención será mostrar esa ‘red invisible’ y demostrar cómo a pesar de su invisibilidad es el arma más potente de las relaciones internacionales y de la diplomacia. Para ello se estudiará el caso del viaje del Papa Benedicto XVI a Francia en septiembre de 2008. En su inicio, dicho viaje estaba pensado y organizado como viaje privado y acabó convirtiéndose en un Viaje de Estado. La ‘pócima’ utilizada no fue otra que el buen uso del protocolo, el refinado arte de tejer y de echar la ‘red’._______________The aim of the paper is to show how protocol can modify/add a quality to international relations, and even make  events turn 180º (even on those already agreed on). Therefore, this paper aims to answer the question: ‘how does the protocol work as an ‘invisible net’, trapping in its bosom the international relations and, consequently, the diplomacy?’ The intention will be to show this ‘invisible net’ and to prove how, despite its invisibility, this is the most powerful weapon of the international relations and of the diplomacy. The case of the trip of Pope Benedict the XVI to France in September 2008 will be analyzed as an example. This trip was initially organized as private visit; finally it turned into a State Visit. The ‘potion’ that could accomplish this change was the right use of protocol, the refined art of weaving and to throw the ‘net’ away

Estructura elástica y anelástica de la cuenca del Mar Mediterráneo: interpretación de velocidades de grupo y coeficientes de atenuación del modo fundamental de las ondas de Rayleigh

El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de la estructura elástica y anelástica del sistema litosfera-astenosfera de la cuenca del mar Mediterráneo, a partir del análisis de la propagación y la atenuación de las ondas superficiales de Rayleigh. Se han analizado más de 500 sismogramas correspondientes tanto a terremotos regionales como a telesismos. La aplicación a las señales sísmicas de diversas técnicas de filtrado permite obtener los valores aparentes de las velocidades de grupo y de los coeficientes de atenuación del modo fundamental de las ondas de Rayleigh a lo largo de las trayectorias sísmicas consideradas.Estos valores constituyen el conjunto de datos experimentales en los que se basa la investigación de la estructura elástica y anelástica. El estudio de la estructura elástica incluye el cálculo de velocidades de grupo locales, una regionalización objetiva de la cuenca mediterránea mediante algoritmos de clustering y la realización de una tomografía, a partir de la inversión estocástica de las velocidades de grupo locales. En el caso de la estructura anelástica, el menor volumen de datos ha aconsejado un estudio basado en la inversión de las curvas de atenuación aparente.Los resultados obtenidos reflejan notables diferencias estructurales entre los sectores oriental y occidental del Mediterráneo, especialmente significativas en los primeros 35 km, aunque son patentes hasta unos 50-60 km de profundidad. En estas primeras decenas de kilómetros, buena parte del Mediterráneo oriental viene caracterizada por anomalías negativas de la velocidad de cizalla y elevadas atenuaciones, mientras que el área entre las penínsulas Italiana e Ibérica presenta las velocidades de cizalla más altas y menores atenuaciones, lo que da cuenta, en general, de un menor espesor de la corteza en las cuencas del Mediterráneo occidental

Multifractality and autoregressive processes of dry spell lengths in Europe: an approach to their complexity and predictability

Dry spell lengths, DSL, defined as the number of consecutive days with daily rain amounts below a given threshold, may provide relevant information about drought regimes. Taking advantage of a daily pluviometric database covering a great extension of Europe, a detailed analysis of the multifractality of the dry spell regimes is achieved. At the same time, an autoregressive process is applied with the aim of predicting DSL. A set of parameters, namely Hurst exponent, H, estimated from multifractal spectrum, f(a), critical Hölder exponent, a0, for which f(a) reaches its maximum value, spectral width, W, and spectral asymmetry, B, permits a first clustering of European rain gauges in terms of the complexity of their DSL series. This set of parameters also allows distinguishing between time series describing fine- or smooth-structure of the DSL regime by using the complexity index, CI. Results of previous monofractal analyses also permits establishing comparisons between smooth-structures, relatively low correlation dimensions, notable predictive instability and anti-persistence of DSL for European areas, sometimes submitted to long droughts. Relationships are also found between the CI and the mean absolute deviation, MAD, and the optimum autoregressive order, OAO, of an ARIMA(p,d,0) autoregressive process applied to the DSL series. The detailed analysis of the discrepancies between empiric and predicted DSL underlines the uncertainty over predictability of long DSL, particularly for the Mediterranean region.Postprint (author's final draft

Introducción a la historia de las artes del espectáculo en China.

Tras un breve Prefacio en que se da cuenta de los procedimientos metodológicos y epistemológicos seguidos, se inicia el trabajo con un Prólogo sobre los primeros europeos de tiempos medievales, renacentistas y del Barroco e Ilustración que se acercan a China, citándose también en notas a viajeros orientales que realizan el camino inverso. Dentro del mismo Prólogo, se abunda luego en el surgimiento y desarrollo de la biografía relativa a los temas específicos de este trabajo, esto es, las artes del espectáculo en China y las influencias, aportaciones, diferencias y similitudes mutuas entre Oriente y Occidente en este campo. Se resaltan no solo las aportaciones al acervo bibliográfico de los países más desarrollados tanto de Oriente como de Occidente, sino también especialmente en los trabajos de los españoles y sudamericanos, desde el siglo XVI hasta el XXI.Se pasa a continuación a la reseña relativa a la construcción del campo académico sobre los estudios sobre Teatro Chino, con los principales académicos tanto occidentales como orientales.En paralelo al teatro, y tanto del que se produce en la propia China como entre los huagiao o miembros de la diáspora, se tocan otros temas de relevancia como el de la música, y acaba el Prólogo con una miscelánea de noticias sobre los últimos contactos culturales, diplomáticos y comerciales entre China y Occidente, sin olvidar recientes aportaciones de españoles que han visitado China o que han trabajado y trabajan en el continente y en Taiwan, y con la reseña de las experiencias personales de la autora en este terreno. Resaltan como Conclusiones principales, desde un medio tanto urbano como rural en que la cantidad y variedad de los espectáculos sigue aumentando, la innegable excelencia de los artistas chinos y su pujante nueva penetración a nivel mundial, con la constatación de la influencia cada vez más notoria en el mundo artístico de Occidente de estéticas y temas anteriormente confinados mayoritariamente a Oriente, y viceversa.En cuanto al Corpus, consta de los siguientes capítulos principales: "Orígenes del teatro en China", "Acrobacia y Malabarismo", "Otros Espectáculos", "Quyi", "Muñecos y Marionetas", "Teatro de Sombras", "La Música en China", y "La Música del Teatro Chino"; para pasar ya a una "Breve Història del Teatro Chino", en que vemos "El teatro durante la Dinastía Tang", "Dinastía Song", "El Teatro de los Yuan", "Dinastía Ming", "Chuanqi", "Kunqui", "Dinastía Ping", los estilos "Chuanju" y "Yueju", "Comienzos del Teatro Hablado" y "Politización del Teatro", "La Ópera de Pekín", "Más de cien argumentos de la Ópera de Pekín", "Pintura Facial", "Acrobacia y Combate sobre el Escenario", "Su aprendizaje", "Gestos simbólicos, Mimo y Monólogos", "Escenografía y Accesorios", "Danza", "Simbolismo de los Movimientos", "Vestuario y Tocados", "Calzado", Atrezzo", "Declamación y Canto", "Tipos de Personajes", "Reseñas Biográficas y Artísticas" de unos treinta famosos actores, "Introducción a Varios Estilos Locales de Ópera" (Difangxi), "Ximbian lishi ju", "geju", "Revolución Cultural", "Yangbanxi", "Wuju", "Ballet", "Huaju", "Directores Famosos y Especial Estilo de Dirección", "Gao Xingjian, Premio Nobel de Literatura", y "Algunas coordenadas para el extranjero que hoy quiera ir al Teatro en China".Esta tesis, para la cual su autora ha investigado tanto en Eujropa como en China, es la primera que se presenta en España sobre el mundo del espectáculo chino. Consta además, paralelamente, de amplia información sobre diversos temas indisolublemente relacionados con el teatro y la cultura china; con abundantes notas sobre la historia, geografía, economía, filosofía, religiones, mitología, literatura, música, estética, artes plásticas, artesanías, usos y costumbres, lenguaje, traductología, así como amplia reseña Bibliográfica, etc.Afther a short Preface on its methodological issues, the work opens with a forty pages Foreword tracing the history of China/West relations with the first Europeans (Middle Ages, Renaissance, Baroque period, and Englihtenment) to write about China; there are also some notes on eastern travellers in Europe. The development of a large Bibliography, the construction of the academic field from the XVIII century onwards, and up to our days, both in the East and in the West, and some Spanish contributions, are other of the subjects examined.Among the chapters in the Corpus, some of the most important ones are "Origins of Theatre in China", "Acrobatics and Juggling", "Other Entertainments", "Quyi", "Puppets and Marionettes", "Shadow Theatre", "Music in China", "The Music of Chinese Theatre"; to go into "A Brief History of Chinese Theatre", which deals with "The Theatre of Tang Dynasty", "Song Dynasty", "The Theatre of the Yuan", "Ming Dynasty", "Qing Dynasty", "Chuanju", "Yueju", "The Begginings pf Spoken Theatre" and "Politisation of the Theatre", "Beijing Opera", "Facial Painting", "Onstage Acrobatics and Combat Skills", "Its training", "Symbolic Gestures, Mime and Monologue", "Scenography and Properties", "Dance", "Symbolism of Movements", "Costumes and Headdresses", "Props", "Dialogue and Singing", "Types of Roles", "Biographies" of some 30 famous actors, "An Introduction to Local Opera Styles (Difangxi)", "Xinbian Lishi Ju", "Geju", "Cultural Revolution", "Yangbanxi", "Wuju", "Ballet", "Huaju", "Famous Directors and Special Directing Style", "GaoXingjian, Nobel Prize for Literature", and "A piece of advice to foreigners wishing to attend theatre sessions in China".Its most significant Concluding Remarks: In an atmosphere of revitalized passion for perfection in performance, the development of a larger professional elite, which stems from a class of rural as well as urban semi-professional artists, and its growing introduction to foreign audiences; the increasing interaction East/West of techniques, subjects and aesthetics.This doctoral thesis, researched for and written all over Europe as well as in China, is the first one on the world and history of Chinese Entertainment presented in Spain ever. It has a wide information on several important background subjects, ranging from history, geography, economy, language and traductology, philosophy, religion, mythology, literature, music, plastic arts, handicraft, and customs and traditions; as well as large Bibliography

Response to the comments on “Time trends of daily maximum and minimum temperatures in Catalonia (NE Spain) for the period 1975-2004”

Postprint (published version

Dealing with heterogeneity: An analysis of Spanish universities

Universities are highly dependent on regulatory frameworks, the geographical setting as well as on requirements for the creation of the different outputs they pursue. As a result, universities are heterogeneous organizations. This study analyses universities’ heterogeneity in Spain. By using a dataset from the Spanish higher education system, we model the objective function of universities and investigate which factors help explain universities’ performance, in terms of the three missions that they mostly perform (teaching, research and technology transfer). Also, a cluster analysis is performed to categorise Spanish universities. The findings contribute to better understand the different behaviours shown by universities. The findings underline the heterogeneity of Spanish universities: while some universities focus more on formation (teaching) goals, other universities excel at disseminating knowledge through different scientific outputs. The study concludes with a detailed inter- and intra- group analysis.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Capitalising new knowledge through R&D alliances: evidence from Catalan technology centres

Science-industry R&D alliances have been a longstanding object of analysis in the literature as they are reinforced by the changing global economy and the fast-moving nature of technological research. In order to advance knowledge on how these alliances should be designed and managed, this paper examines whether the factors most valued by technology centres to engage in science-industry R&D alliances have an impact on the success of the alliance: planning, partner profile, trustworthiness, IPR protection issues and communication channels. The empirical application considers 58 technology centres located in the Spanish region of Catalonia from which data were collected. First, using factor analysis, we validate that items included in the survey are indeed grouped into the five factors identified in the literature review. Second, we use qualitative comparative analysis to explore which combination of factors best explains successful R&D alliances.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Technology transfer outputs versus publications: Which one wins the battle?

Today’s universities are expected to simultaneously conduct teaching, research and third stream activities. These latter activities are usually materialized in the form of technology transfer activities. In a context were researchers are expected to simultaneously excel in all the tasks they perform, the scheme of incentives for the academic community is crucial. This study seeks to investigate and generate a new debate on in which activities are researchers devoting their efforts and time. In order to do so, we describe the evolution of research (publications) and technology transfer (R&D contracts and funded projects) outputs in the four technical universities of Spain. Results reveal that while revenues coming from R&D activities have notoriously diminished in the last years, the number of scientific publications has increased. These findings lead us to question whether Spanish universities are not properly aligned with industry needs, thus contradicting their raison d’être.Postprint (published version